Effects Of Cultivation Patterns On Growth,development And Yield Formation Of Maize

Northeast China is an important production area of spring maize.North of Liaoning is located in the Songliao Plain in the southeast of the Northeast has the climatic conditions,whcih are conducive to the growth and development of maize.It is the main area of maize production in Liaoning Province.In order to explore the impact of tillage and cultivation measures on maize yield and resource utilization efficiency in the region,a three-year(2017~2019)continuous field trial of maize cultivation patterns was conducted in Tieling County,Liaoning Province.The maize varieties were selected as "Xianyu 335" and "Zhengdan 958",cultivation patterns included rotary tillage without fertilization(T1),rotary tillage with one-time fertilization(T2),straw returning with plow tillage + nitrogen fertilizer operation(T3),and organic fertilizer with plow tillage + nitrogen fertilizer operation,large and small ridge cultivation(T4),planting densities are 67500,52500,67500,and 82500 plants/hm~2,respectively.The effects of cultivation patterns on the growth and development of maize and yield formation were studied.The comprehensive effects of fertilization methods,types of fertilizer,and cultivation measures on the yield of maize were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for promoting high yield and efficient cultivation of maize.The main findings are as follows:1.Compared with T1 and T2 patterns,T3 and T4 patterns significantly reduced the soil compaction of 15~30 cm soil layer,and soil compaction of 0~30 cm soil layer under T1 and T2 patterns was greater than that from T3 and T4 patterns.The spatial distribution of soil water content was similar between different cultivation patterns in the silking stage of maize,the overall trend of soil water content increased with the deepening of the soil layer,and the distribution of surface soil water content was represented by the " High in the middle,low on both sides ".In terms of tillage methods,the soil water content of each soil layer was higher under T1 and T2 patterns than that of T3 and T4 patterns,In terms of planting methods,the T4 pattern uses large and small ridge planting to reduce the soil water content of the 30~60 cm soil layer.2.Compared with T2 pattern,the T3 and T4 patterns using straw return and applying respective organic and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen contents of 0~40 cm soil.The T4 pattern with organic fertilizer application was found with higher nitrate nitrogen content in the 0~40 cm soil layer.3.The total root length and root surface area under T2 pattern with the lowest planting density were higher than those of the T3 and T4 patterns.Compared with T1 pattern,T2,T3,and T4 patterns significantly increased the root dry weight distribution in the 0~30 cm soil layer,and lowered in the 30~60 cm soil layer.4.T3 and T4 patterns were obtained strong resistance to drought and significant regulatory effects on maize population structure.Under different cultivation patterns,the leaf area index decreased in the order of T4,T3,T2,and T1.The trend of extinction coefficient at the panicle position was T2>T4>T3>T1,and the transmittance at the panicle position was T1>T2>T3>T4.Compared with T1 and T2 patterns,T3 and T4 patterns increased the population dry matter accumulation and leaf area index.T4 pattern was found with the largest total dry weight and root surface area index in all patterns.T4 pattern improved the leaf area index,the extinction coefficient of panical position at the silking stage,and the light energy interception ability at the ear position,accelerated the accumulation of dry matter,which laid the foundation for the formation of grain yield.T4 pattern improved the material remobilization and accumulation capacity of maize,and the highest accumulation and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen were found at the mature stage.The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer(2017~2019),nitrogen absorption efficiency(2018~2019),and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency(2018~2019)showed a trend of T2<T3<T4 consistently.5.The grain yield maize in 2017~2019 decreased wiht the order of T4,T3,T2 and T1,compared with the T1 pattern,the yield of the T2,T3,and T4 patterns increased by 28.06%,44.24% and 55.08%,respectively.