The Application Of Soy Sauce And Spent Mushroom Sustrate In Fermented Total Mixed Ration

Soy sauce and spent mushroom substrate are wastes produced by food and edible fungus,which are rich in crude protein,crude fat,calcium,iron and zinc,and other mineral elements and vitamins.They were used for feeding livestock due to the high nutritional value.The pressure of forage shortage can be reduced by making full use of these residue resources.In the study,soy sauce and spent mushroom substrate were applied as raw materials.Firstly,their appropriate proportion in fermented total mixed ration(TMR)was determined.Then,four additives,such as potassium sorbate,sodium benzoate,calcium propionate and sodium diacetate,were used for fermented TMR,and then obtained optimum fermentation inhibitor for better fermentation quality and aerobic stability,fully utilize these non-conventional feed resources,and reduce the feed cost of livestock husbandry.The study was divided into four parts:1 Effect of soy sauce with different ratios on the fermentation quality of TMRThe four TMRs were prepared with different proportions of soy sauce,elephant grass and concentrate supplements.The fermentation quality and aerobic stability was evaluated.Four treatments were prepared:control(B0),15%soy sauce(B1),25%soy sauce(B2)and 35%soy sauce(B3).The results showed that the soy sauce-treated silages significantly(P<0.05)increased the dry matter(DM)content of the fermented TMR.The relatively high DM content inhibited the activity of lactic acid bacteria(LAB),resulting in a low lactic acid(LA)content and high pH(>5.0).Because of the low contents of butyric acid(<0.558 g/kg DM)and ammonia nitrogen(<38.2 g/kg DM),the fermented TMR was well fermented.B3 silage had the lowest acetic acid and ethanol,and the highest LA content.Considering the maximum utilization of soy sauce,35%soy sauce is recommended for TMR application.2 Effect of different additives on fermentation quality of soy sauce TMRThe experiment was carried out to study the effects of sodium benzoate,sodium diacetate,calcium propionate,and potassium sorbate on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of soy sauce TMR.The TMR was ensilied with control(C),potassium sorbate(0.1%,BK),sodium benzoate(0.1%,BS),calcium propionate(0.5%,BP)and sodium diacetate(0.5%,BA)for 60 days to analyze the fermentation quality and aerobic stability.Sampling was taken on the 0,4 and 9 days after aerobic exposure and the aerobic stability was measured.The results showed that all treatments had high DM contents,and low LA and ethanol contents,resulting in higher pH(>5)during the ensiling.The BK silage performed best with the highest LAB counts and LA contents.During the aerobic exposure,the ammonia nitrogen showed an increasing trend in all silages.Additives significantly(P<0.05)decreased the ammonia nitrogen content relative to the control.Aerobic spoilage was occurred in BS silage with above 80 g/kg TN at 9 day.The pH in all silages increased,and the LAB counts decreased during the aerobic exposure.The BK silage had the lowest pH and the highest LA content.Potassium sorbate addition significantly(P<0.05)reduced the ammonia nitrogen and increased the aerobic stability.In summary 0.1%potassium sorbate is recommended for soy sauce fermented TMR application.3 Effect of different ratios of spent mushroom substrate on the fermentation quality of TMR This experiment was to study the effect of different proportions of spent mushroomsubstrate on the fermentation quality of TMR.The TMRs were prepared with different proportions of spent mushroom substrate,Napier grass,soy sauce and concentrate supplements.The fermentation quality and aerobic stability were evaluated.Four treatments were prepared:control(C0),5%spent mushroom substrate(C1),10%spent mushroom substrate(C2)and 15%spent mushroom substrate(C3).The results showed that the pH of each treatment was lower than 4.2 with good fermentation quality.The addition of spent mushroom substrate significantly(P<0.05)increased LA,decreased butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents.C2 and C3 silages had the lowest pH and butyric acid contents,and the highest LA and water soluble carbohydrates content,resulting in the best fermentation quality.Considering the maximum utilization of the spent mushroom substrate,15%spent mushroom substrate is recommended for TMR application.4 Effect of different additives on fermentation quality of spent mushroom substrate TMRThis experiment was to investigate the effects of sodium benzoate,sodium diacetate,calcium propionate,and potassium sorbate on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of spent mushroom substrate TMR.The TMR was ensilied with control(C),potassium sorbate(0.1%,CK),sodium benzoate(0.1%,CS),calcium propionate(0.5%,CP)and sodium diacetate(0.5%,CA)to analyze the fermentation quality and aerobic stability.Sampling was taken on the 0,4 and 9 days after aerobic exposure and the aerobic stability was measured.The results showed that all silages had high lactic acid,and low pH,butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents.Moreover,the CA and CK silages had the highest LA contents,while the LA content decreased in the CP and CS silages since these additives slight inhibited the activity of LAB.During 4 days of aerobic exposure,all silages had low pH and the counts of yeasts and aerobic bacteria.However,after 9 days of aerobic exposure,all treatments tended to aerobic spoilage with higher ammonia nitrogen(>100 g/kg TN),except for CA silage.Based on these results,0.5%sodium diacetate is recommended for spent mushroom substrate TMR application.