Quality Analysis,Standard Formulation Of "Fresh Ginseng Paste" And Its Protective Effect On Drug-induced Liver And Kidney Injury

Panax ginseng,the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng CA Meye,is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and it was listed as the top grade by the earliest drug Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic.As the essentially active ingredient in ginseng,the triterpenoid ginsenoside has remarkable effect for anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity.In order to comprehensively develop the medicinal value of ginseng,this experiment is intended to analyze its chemical composition of the product of food “Fresh Ginseng Paste”(FGP),and establish the quality standard of FGP,as well as determination of the content of various ginsenosides in FGP.In this paper,the model of liver injury induced by acetaminophen(APAP)and the model of acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin(CDDP)in mice were studied.The liver protection of FGP was further discussed from the aspects of oxidation/nitrification stress and apoptosis,as well as the role of kidney protection.Its potential molecular mechanism has far-reaching significance for the in-depth development of the medicinal value of ginseng in industrial products.1.Chemical analysis of the components in FGP and development of quality standards.FGP samples were taken for HPLC analysis and method validation.The materials and accessories of FGP is Standardized,using water and environment.The results showed that the total ginsenoside in FGP was about 23 mg/g,and the ginsenosides in FGP were 14.Rg1,2.Re,3.Rb1,4Rc,5.Rb2,6.Rd,7.Rg6.,8.F4,9.Rk3,10.Rh4,11.(S)-Rg3,12.((R)-Rg3,13.Rk1,14.Rg5,,where the content is higher for the(S,R)Rg3,Rg5,Rh2 and Rk1 secondary saponin components,the standard curve of 14 ginsenosides was investigated by methodology.The repeatability,precision and stability of the experimental RSD was 0.39-0.54%,the recovery rate of 14 samples of the ginsenoside reference substance was concentrated between 98.7 and 99.3%,and the RSD value was <1.85%.It has been proved that this method can be used for the determination of ginsenoside content in FGP,and the stability is relatively good.2.The alleviation effect of FGP on APAP-induced liver injury in mice.Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: blank group,a model group,a low-dose and a high-dose administration group.Serum and mouse liver tissues were used for the determination of various physiological indicators and histopathological staining.The results showed that FGP can effectively reduce the liver and spleen index of mice and the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in serum.It can also effectively reduce the depletion of glutathione transferase(GSH)and the level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde(MDA)in liver tissue.3.The alleviation effect of FGP on kidney injury in mice induced by CDDP.The serum of mice was used to determine its physiological indexes.The histopathological changes of kidney were observed by H&E,TUNEL,Hoechst 33258 and immunohistochemical staining.Western blotting was used in the analysis of apoptosis.The results indicates that serum levels of creatinine(CRE),urea nitrogen(BUN)and malondialdehyde(MDA)are significantly decreased in the serum,and superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)are also remarkably increased in kidney tissues.Elevation;tissue glycogen deposition decreased,renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis is significantly reduced,and renal tissue necrosis and apoptosis are improved.Western blot analysis shows that FGP significantly inhibites the overexpression of Bax and cleaves caspase-3 and decreases the level of Bcl-2.In summary,the results of this study clearly demonstrates that FGP is rich in ginsenosides,and the secondary saponin is high,and FGP can reduce the APAP –induced liver damage of mice by relieving oxidative stress damage and anti-apoptotic effects.At the same time,it has a good protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by cisplatin in mice.The possible molecular mechanism is to inhibit the activation of a series of signaling pathways such as Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in vivo.So that cisplatin-induced kidney injury is further alleviated.