The Influence Of Explicit Self-confidence,Implicit Self-confidence And The Discrepancies Between Them On Advice Taking

Decision-making becomes ubiquitous in daily life and it is always accompanied by advice.Advice has various positive effects such as providing information,technical guidance,emotional support and so on.However,it is difficult for individuals to accept other 's advice because of the restrictions of decision scenarios and individual's personality traits.Previous studies show that decision-makers' self confidence level restricts their advice taking.The decision-making field pays more attention to the cognitive style level of confidence and accuracy of judgment but less to the personality attributes(Burns,Burns,&Lynn,2016).As one of the core elements of a healthy personality,self-confidence is an individual's trust in his body,mind,and society,which implies a sense of efficacy,optimism,hope and resilience.The opposite is self-doubt(Huang,Zheng,Li,2006;Stajkovici,2006).So confident people are not easy to cede decision-making power.But people who are suspicious do not trust others and people who are confident do not doubt others.People who are truly confident have positive expectations of "I can do it-you can do it too" and they dare to trust others when faced with the risks or uncertainties of their decision-making tasks(Zhang,Bi,2012).It can be seen that personality level confidence based on self-evaluation is different from cognitive style confidence based on accuracy of judgment.It is not a simple restriction relationship with advice taking,which is related to its explicit and implicit double psychological process.For the purpose of impression decoration,the motivational suppression of implicit attitude adopted by individuals and the loss of explicit experience in the past will lead to the differentiation of implicit and explicit levels,and the differences in the causes of differentiation will lead to different behavior expression of self-confidence.Self-confidence differentiation is accompanied by humility,narcissism,anxiety and other possibilities,which may lead to the individual performance of persisting in their own views and the difference between sticking to themselves and going with the flow.In order to make the different types of confidence clear their advice taking model and achieve the best effect,this study explores the influence of explicit and implicit confidence differentiation of decision makers on the adoption of recommendations and whether the combined role of the two has a cross-task complexity consistent.At the same time,this study also discusses the impact of advice on confidence and speed of decision-making in order to enable decision makers to understand the role of advice.In the pre-study,in order to establish the local lexicon,we adopted the questionnaires to collect the typical idioms which can express self-confident.On the one hand,it can provide the attribute words for the measurement of implicit self-confidence in formal study.On the other hand,it also provided experimental materials for subsequent studies.The lexicon consisted of 185 confident idioms and 133 unconfident idioms which involved various aspects,indicating that the idiom was an efficient carrier of self-confidence.In the study 1,we adopted 2(explicit self-confidence:high,low)× 2(implicit self-confidence:high,low)between-subjects design to explore the effect of self-confidence on advice taking in simple tasks.The results demonstrated that the explicit self-confidence can predict advice taking negatively,while implicit self-confidence can not predict advice taking.However,there was an interaction between explicit self-confidence and implicit self-confidence.In low explicit self-confidence group,implicit self-confidence enhanced advice taking.In high explicit self-confidence group,implicit self-confidence had no correlation with advice taking.In the study 2,in order to increase the complexity of task,we added the reward and punishment mechanism of decisions.At the same time,participants should pay for the advice.Of the 108 participants,66 percent chose to buy advice,and then after paying for advice.Then,we investigated the effect of self-confidence on advice taking in the complex task.The results demonstrated that the main effects of explicit self-confidence and implicit self-confidence were consistent with the results in the study 1.However,the combined effect of implicit and explicit self-confidence on advice taking changed with the increase of the complexity of the task.In the high explicit self-confidence group,implicit self-confidence predicted advice taking negatively which was different from the results in study 1.In low explicit self-confidence group,implicit self-confidence also enhanced advice taking.Then,by comparing the differences of self-confidence and response time between participants who have different decisions(seeking advice vs not seeking advice),we found that advice could improve self-confidence of decision makers,but there was no significant difference in the amount of decrease in the decision-making time between the two groups.Comprehensively,the following were conclusions:1 The explicit self-confidence of decision makers has negative effects on their advice taking.2.The effects of implicit self-confidence on advice taking was influenced by explicit self-confidence and the complexity of task.In the conditions of low explicit self-confidence,implicit self-confidence enhanced advice taking,which was consistent across situations.However,under conditions of high explicit self-confidence,with the increase of complexity of tasks,negative effects of implicit self-confidence on advice taking become more and more apparent.3.Advice could improve self-confidence of decision makers,but not speed up the process of final decision making.