Chu-dialect In Dynasties Of Sui,tang And Song

The Chu dialect information in the Sui Tang and Song dynasties is scattered in the handed-down literature of various types,and there were obvious distinctions between the Chu dialect and the mandarin in the Tang and Song dynasties.This paper studies the pronunciation of Chu dialect in the Sui Tang dynasties according to the phonetic notes adopted by Dao Qian道骞,a monk of the Sui dynasty,in Chu Ci(The Songs of Chu),and enumerates 386 Chu dialect words from Sui Tang and Song classic books,with the purpose to explore the pronunciation,vocabulary and grammar of Chu dialect in the Sui Tang and Song dynasties.The first chapter studies the differences of the initial consonants,rhymes and tones between ancient Chu dialects and the languages commonly used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties by enumerating the 131 words of Chu dialects commonly used in the Sui and Tang dynasties and analyzing the diachronic evolution of some of the typical words therein.The second chapter studies the Chu words in the traditional books of the Song dynasty by enumerating 256 words of Chu dialects in the Song dynasty and analyzing the diachronic evolution of some of the typical words therein.The third chapter studies the use of some grammatical words and structures in the traditional books of Chu dialects in the Sui,Tang and Song dynasties,such as adverb‘Qiang羌’,degree adverb‘Man曼(pretty)’,tone word at the end of the sentence‘Xie些’,auxiliary word‘Lai来’,antiphrasis‘Ren kan忍看’and‘Ren Gu忍顾’,compound words‘AA Se色’and‘AA SHeng声’,grammatical structure‘Hao好V Ren人’.The fourth chapter studies and explains the Chu dialect words‘Ju Nv粔籹’,‘Tan Tan沉沉’,‘Fan瀿’,‘Xi翕’,‘Han颔’and‘Ou沤’in Sui,Tang and Song dynasties.This paper points out that‘Ju Nv粔籹’in Chu Ci(The Songs of Chu)is a word used for recording the pronunciation of a kind of food in ancient Chu area.It is different from other small round pastry such as‘Han Ju寒具’,‘Huan Bing环饼’,‘Gao Huan膏环’and‘San Zi馓子’.It should be better explained as a kind of round pancake made of honey and rice powder.The words‘Ju Nv粔籹’,‘Qing Ke青稞’and‘Zan Ba糌粑’share the same etymological orgin with the words‘Nuo Mi糯米’and‘Ci Ba糍粑’used in the languages of some ethnic minority groups,suah as Tibetan,Hmong-Mien and Zhuang-Dong.Therefore,mistakes are found in the annotations for some of these words made by ancient scholars,such as‘Ju Nv粔籹’annotated as‘Gao Huan膏环’by Xuan Ying玄应and Hong Xingzu洪兴祖,and‘Ju Nv粔籹’annotated as‘Gao Huan膏环’or‘Han Ju寒具’by Zhu Xi朱熹.Scholars of the Tang dynasty Li Shan and Hong Xingzu annotated‘Yuan渊’as‘Tan Fu潭府’and‘Tan潭’respectively.‘Tan潭’means deep and‘Tan Fu潭府’means the vastness of palaces in ancient Chu dialects.In Shiji(Records of the Grand Historian),‘Tan Tan潭潭’is used for describing the vastness of palaces.Other words with similar pronunciations,such as‘Dan Dan眈眈’‘Tan Tan??’‘Tan Tan谈谈’‘Tan Tan谭谭’‘Tan Tan湛湛’‘Tan Tan覃覃’,‘Tan Tan沉沉’all bear the synonymous meaning of profoundness,vastness and deep.‘Tan潭’shares the same etymological orgin with some of the words used in the languages of the southern ethnic minorities which indicate deep.‘Fan 瀿’ was recorded as Chu dialect word in the Song dynasty.In ancient times,the ancient Chu dialect words ‘Fan 瀿’ and ‘Fen 瀵’ ‘Pen 湓’ ‘Pen 濆’ ‘Pan 潘’ referred to fountains or rivers to spill out,and ‘Bo ’ referred to the heated water to spill out.In the middle ancient times,‘Fan 瀿’ means the same with the words ‘Fen 瀵’ ‘Pen 湓’ ‘Pen 濆’ ‘Pan 潘’ ‘Bo ’ for people often mixed up ‘Fei 沸’ with ‘Bo ’.In the modern Chinese dialect areas,‘Fen 濆’ ‘Pen 湓’ ‘Bo 浡’ ‘Bo ’ ‘Pu 铺’ and ‘Pu 潽’ referred to the heated water to spill out.When the words ‘Fan 瀿’ ‘Fen 瀵’ ‘Pen 湓’ ‘Pen 濆’ ‘Pan 潘’ ‘Bo ’ referred to the heated water to spill out,they share the same etymological orgin with the words used in the Miao,Yao and Tujia languages.Modern Chinese southern dialect words ‘Fen濆’ ‘Pen 湓’ ‘Bo 浡’ ‘Bo ’ ‘Pu 铺’ ‘Pu 潽’ and the borrowed Japanese word ‘Pen 喷’ apply to the similar lingual contexts.The ancient Chu dialect word ‘Xi 翕’ has different meanings in Sui and Tang dynasties.The original meaning of ‘Xi 翕’ is aggregation in both the dialect area and mandarin region.At the same time,‘Xi 翕’ has clear metaphorical meanings.The original meaning of ‘Xi 翕’ is kept in some modern Chinese dialect areas.In addition,the compound words of ‘Xi 翕’ have the same meaning with the compound words of ‘Xie 胁’ ‘Xi 歙’ ‘Xi 噏’ and ‘Xi 习’,with the same original meanings in the ancient Chu dialects.‘Han 颔’ was recorded as south-Chu dialect in Tang dynasty,which originally means chin and cheek.It is used in the modern Chinese dialect area,besides the original meaning,it also means neck.The original meaning of some of the compound words of ‘Han 颔’ was kept,and ‘qin 顉’ ‘han 顄’ and ‘he 颌’ are the interchangeable words of ‘Han 颔’.Buried heaping for deterioration is the meaning of ancient Chu dialect word of ‘Ou沤’,in Song dynasty,which is derived from retting.The original meaning of the ancient Chu dialect word of ‘Ou 沤’ was soak,‘Wo 涹’ ‘Wo 沃’ ‘Ou 渥’ are the interchangeable words of ‘Ou 沤’ and they are common to some extent in the evolution of their meanings.In the modern Chinese dialect,the,original meaning of ‘Ou 沤’ is kept and has the extended meaning of mildew and rot.