Research On Zhangjiakou Industry And Commerce Of Qing Dynasty And Republic Of China

Zhangjiakou is an important industrial and commercial town in the north during the Ming and Qing dynasties.After the Longqing reunion in the Ming Dynasty,the trade in tourism and Mongolia gathered in Zhangjiakou and became the starting point for business development.The Qing Dynasty redistributed the Mongolian grassland into the territory of the Central Government,and the unprecedented prosperity of trade in Mongolia and Mongolia.In 1727,the trade of Sino-Russian Kiakhta began to flourish,and Zhangjiakou became the bridgehead in Mongolian trade and Sino-Russian trade.These two major trades directly promoted the development of Zhangjiakou's financial industry,tea industry,and fur industry,making Zhangjiakou an important commercial center and financial center in the north of China.The prosperity of industry and commerce has brought a large number of industrial and commercial names to Zhangjiakou.During the period of collating the economic and historical materials in Zhangjiakou,3,700 titles are collected in the aggregate.These time spans ranged from the Qianlong period to the founding of 1945 and involved various industries and became important materials for the research of Zhangjiakou's socio-economic history.Taking the font number as an entry point,Zhangjiakou's industrial and commercial activities are divided into three phases: From1784 to 1860,Zhangjiakou industry and commerce were “free” trade in traditional society.During this period,most of Zhangjiakou's business operations were traditional industries,and most of them were related to trade in Mongolia and Mongolia.At the same time,the financial industry has increased in size.With rapid development,Zhangjiakou has become an important financial center in northern China.After 1860,the modernization of Zhangjiakou's industrial and commercial operations appeared.Some of the names used the company's system to operate and a national capitalist enterprise emerged.In 1929,the Mongolian coup d'état and the Sino-Soviet diplomatic relations severely affected the trade in Mongolian trade and Sino-Russian trade.Most of the names in Zhangjiakou have been closed down and thebusiness in Zhangjiakou has declined.After 1937,Japan invaded Zhangjiakou and stepped up its economic plundering,which undermine an already soggy Zhangjiakou's economy and commerce and nearly to the breaking point in the process.In addition,Zhangjiakou as the vast wholesale and shopping district for Mongolian trade and Sino-Russian Kiakhta trade,has close links with its region,mainly in Cologne,Shanxi,Beijing,Hankou,estuaries and other places.