Study On The Weapon Industry Geography In The Middle And Lower Reaches Of The Yangtze River In The Late Qing Dynasty(1860-1911)

In the Westernization Movement that began in the 1860s,the late Qing Dynasty weapons industry,which was produced by machines,was born,which also marked the beginning of modern Chinese industry and had a major impact on China's modern political,economic,cultural,military and other aspects..From 1860,in the 51 years of the Qing government's demise in 1911,29 military enterprises were established,which were unevenly distributed among 18 provinces.The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were distributed in the late Qing Dynasty.In the more concentrated areas,there are 8 ordnance enterprises.Among them,Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau,Hubei Gun Factory and Tianjin Machine Bureau,which are called the three military enterprises in the late Qing Dynasty,are in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The development of the weapon industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Therefore,it has a strong representativeness for studying the development of modern weapon industry,and it also has its particularity in geographical distribution characteristics.This paper takes the weapon industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty as the research object.The research period began in 1860 when the Westernization Movement began to establish the modern weapon industry,and in 1911 the Qing Dynasty ceased to exist.The research area is in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In the administrative division,this article is based on the administrative division of Guangxu thirty-four years(1908)in the late Qing Dynasty,including the Jiangsu Province,Zhejiang Province,Anhui Province,Jiangxi Province,Hubei Province,and Hunan Province.Six provincial-level jurisdictions.Through systematic research,this paper finds that the geographical distribution characteristics of the weapon industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty have certain peculiarities,and their geographical distribution is extremely uneven in space.First of all,the distribution was uneven among the provinces.In the late Qing Dynasty,the weapons industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was mainly concentrated in Jiangsu Province and Hubei Province,where the economy was relatively developed.Taking the city as the unit,the weapons industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty was concentrated in the coastal areas in the early stage.After considering the national defense security factors,the coastal layout strategy was abandoned and attention was paid to the construction of factories in the inland cities along the strategic depth.Such as Hanyang,Changsha,etc.,eventually formed a geographical layout concentrated on the relatively developed economy of the coastal,provincial capital cities or trade ports.Taking into account the concealment and safety of the military industry,it is convenient to expand the scale in the future.In the late Qing Dynasty,the military enterprises in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are built in the suburbs of the city.The formation of such distribution features is formed by various influencing factors.It includes natural factors such as topography,water resources and mineral resources,as well as social and economic factors such as politics,economy,transportation,personal,and social culture.Due to the lack of modern scientific knowledge,the extreme dependence on foreign technology and raw materials,the backwardness of economic development and the shortage of funds,the late Qing Dynasty weapons industry has been developing slowly,with low output and difficult product quality.In terms of management system,the central government generally does not directly participate in the management of military enterprises.Most of the military enterprises are in charge of the provincial governor,and the independence is very strong.The differences between the various military enterprises are large,and the production of weapons is not formed.The quality of the products is uneven.Moreover,due to the lack of management supervision at the national strategic level,corruption and corruption within the various military enterprises have been rampant,and the quality of weapons produced is inferior and cannot cope with the war of modernization.After the establishment of the Army Department in 1906,it began to strengthen management of various military enterprises,and conducted a detailed inspection of the largest Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and Hubei Ordnance Steel Pharmaceutical Factory in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and proposed specific rectification measures.But with the demise of the Qing government in 1911,the reform plan for the weapons industry was also interrupted.From the gains and losses of the construction of the weapon industry in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty,we can gain valuable lessons.In order to build a strong weapon industry,we must vigorously develop the national economy,rationally deploy the weapon industry,and implement a sound modern enterprise management system.