State-Controled Military (Dui) And Private-Owned Military:Two Categories Of Military Organizitions In Western Zhou Dynasty

This article aims at exploring two different properties of militaries in Western Zhou Dynasty.The first chapter researches the phrases related to the character "dui"(?).Adding a place name in front of the character "dui" means an army and its station in somewhere.This phrase sometimes refered to the leader of the army,as soon as adding the place name in front of another character "shi"(?).In the middle and later periods of Western Zhou,the character "shi" could be also used to refer to the army.The phrase consisting of the place name and the character "dui" was used as a location until Spring and Autumn period,but the character "dui" was replaced of the character "shi" in this phrase.Many dui militaries were in two areas centered on Zong Zhou(??)and Cheng Zhou(??).Six dui(?(?))and eight dui(?(?))directly controlled by the king were composed of these dui militaries in different regions.The countries of princes in waifu(??)designated their militaries as "dui",using the phrase consisting of the country name of princes in waifu and the character "dui".The second chapter divided the management structure of the king's dui militaries into three levels according to their relationship with the king.In the high-ranking structure,there was the wartime system and the non-wartime system.In the early period of Western Zhou,the wartime system consisted of direct commanders of dui militaries and generals appointed by the king or senior ministers.The positions of officials at different levels weren't always closely linked.After mid-Western Zhou,the authority of ruled Minister on military had challenged the military power of the king.Compared with the wartime system,the non-wartime system tended to stratification and specialization,gradually becoming a relatively independent administration department.Shishi(??)constituted the middle-ranking structure of dui militaries,who were responsible for directing operations and military training in dui militaries.Usually,the king didn't order shishi directly but appointed senior generals to lead shishi,when the war broke out.In the non-war time,the king also appointed officials in responsible of managing shishi.According to some archaeological materials from the Western Zhou,it can be proved that the civilians in the settlement belonged to dui military needed serve in the army The object of the third chapter is the clan military of the aristocrat in neifu(??).The character "dui" wasn't used to name all armies.From the point of leading system,the king couldn't order the commander of the clan military of the aristocrat in neifu directly,but commanded clan militaries through the agent of the aristocrat in neifu.The private property of clan militaries of the aristocrat in neifu based on the possession of the dependent population.These dependent people who had lost different degrees of personal freedom,had to serve the aristocratic clan and joined the army of the aristocratic clan.However,the clan organization("zu",?)which consisted of the relative members of the aristocratic,didn't include these dependent.The clan organization("zu")serve as household troops in the middle of phalanxes instead of field military.The militaries consisting of the dependent couldn't be named "zu".Therefore,the most important element of clan militaries of the aristocrat in neifu is the private attribute rather than the kinshipFinally,this article believes that dui militaries were organizied by the power of state with the public attribute but clan militaries of the aristocrat in neifu were based on the private attribute.This is the fundamental difference between dui militaries and private militaries of the aristocrat in neifu.