On Bernard Williams's Criticism Of Morality

This paper attempts to sort out Bernard Williams's constitution of traditional "morality" by the British moral philosopher and mainly criticizes Kantian moral philosophy and utilitarian moral philosophy,then shows Bernard Williams's work purpose of moral philosophy and his expectation of the whole ethical life.Bernard Williams distinguishes between the "ethics" and the"morality"that similar to Hegel's attitude towards "ethics" and"morality",they all agreed that the two concepts could not be confused.In Williams's opinion,"Ethics" is the emergence of life as a whole,Morality is a special system.Morality has many very special characteristics,for example,an impartial moral actor,Absolute "concept of obligation" and compulsory requirement to include everything important in the moral sphere,etc.Williams is not satisfied with these characteristics of moral system and believes that these characteristics do not conform to our real life experience.Moreover,because these characteristics have undergone a high degree of abstraction of moral theory.So that these characteristics ignore the dilemma faced by the realization of moral obligations.That is to say,Williams believes that when we actually fulfill the moral obligations of the "moral" system is very difficult.Even,there are obligations that cannot be fulfilled.In addition,Williams's more important dissatisfaction with the "moral" system because "morality" reduces our world of life.The "moral" system incorporates all important matters into the moral sphere,he thinks of life in addition to morality and every other life is unimportant.Williams believes that the reduction of "morality" to the life world is not reasonable.He thinks we should treat our real life experience sincerely.In a world beyond the "moral" system,there are still many important things,except through "morality".We can also lead to the good life we expect through other paths besides the "moral" system.This paper compares the characteristics of Bernard Williams as the"morality" of the system and as the "ethics" of the whole life.And the distinction between Hegel's "ethics" of freedom and "morality" of subjective will law is compared with that made by Williams.This can help us better understand Williams's understanding of the whole ethical life and his thinking on the special system of "morality".After explaining Bernard Williams' criticism of the system of"morality",We will state the whole world of life that Williams identifies with.Williams thinks,in the complete ethical experience,We should believe in truth,sincerity and the meaning of individual life.Finally,the author will try to explain the significance and scope of application of the concept of "holistic ethical life" proposed by Williams.