A Study On The Qing Loyalists During The Republic Of China

In modern times,the Loyalists group that once occupied important positions in the state bureaucracy in the Qing Dynasty had lost the social privilege and political status they once enjoyed but set the restoration as a lifelong political target to pursue.As a well-known cultural celebrity in the early Republic of China,Zheng Xiaoxu supported Puyi to restore the monarchy and worked to establish the pseudo-Manchukuo Regime in his later years.He served as the prime minister of Manchukuo and later his traitor identity was criticized by the world.Although Zheng xiaoxu valued his reputation above life,he still sacrificed his honor to the restoration.Therefore,the ideological and psychological reasons of his choice were mainly emphasized in this article.This article is mainly divided into three parts:The first part is Zheng Xiaoxu in the early Republic of China.This part mainly discusses the definition and characteristics of the Qing Loyalists.It also clarifies Zheng Xiaoxu's political experience,his later years and ideological changes.At the critical stage of social transformation in the early Republic of China,the Loyalists groups were complex and changing.In order to have an exact standard for the Loyalists groups in the study,their typical thoughts and behaviors in the former Qing Dynasty were summarized.Zheng Xiaoxu was a cultural elite in the late Qing Dynasty in his early years.After the Revolution of 1911,he retreated to Shanghai as an Loyalists.He was one of the typical representatives of the group.The second part is Zheng Xiaoxu during the Manchukuo period.The political system of the early Republic of China was still not built.In the constant changes of the social situation,Zheng Xiaoxu gradually formed a systematic political theory of benevolent(??).In order to realize the restoration based on the theoretical conception,Zheng Xiaoxu secretly contacted with Japanese under the acquiescence of Puyi.After the"September 18 Incident",the"Manchu State"was established under the joint efforts of the two parties.Later,they were abandoned by the Japanese for their political opinions were not unified.This part draws opinions by referring to Zheng Xiaoxu's diary,manuscripts,lectures,government archives,and other historical materials.The third part is the evaluation of Zheng Xiaoxu.During the Anti-Japanese War,social turmoil and the temptation of interest gave birth to the "traitorous phenomenon".Individual traitors and groups of traitors were both formed.As one of the planners of the pseudo-Manchu regime,the prime minister and the head of the Ministry of Culture and Education,Zheng Xiaoxu has an unshirkable responsibility for the adverse effects that caused under the rule of the pseudo-Manchu regime in the northeastern region.