A Study On The System Of Four Political Organizations In Wei,Jin And Southern Dynasties

The system of four political organizations in the Wei,Jin and Southern Dynasties mainly refers to a central government administration system composed of Zhongshu Sheng,Shangshu Sheng,Menxia Sheng and Jishu Sheng.The system of the four political organizations can be traced back to the system of three officials and nine ministers in the Qin and Han Dynasties.Under the system of three officials and nine ministers,the prime minister and the imperial officials are mostly responsible for the daily government affairs of the central government,and then the nine ministers are responsible for the specific administration.With the great power of the prime minister caused the emperor's fear,Emperor Wu in Han Dynasty set up a government in palace.Shangshu can participate and deal with government affairs.Emperor Wu in Han Dynasty also set up Zhongshu.Zhongshu was in charge of delivering messages and memorials.As a nominal titles,Shizhong were around the emperor as attendants,taking charge of consultants.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,Shangshutai was established and became an important government decision-making institution.During the period of Wei Dynasty,while developing the institution of the Minister of the state,it changed to Zhongshu Sheng after being supervised by the Secretary,Sanqi Sheng,and the position of "Sanqi Changshi".At the same time,Sansi Organizations belong to Menxia Sheng gradually developed into three organization of Menxia Sheng.In the Jin Dynasty,the official structure of Shangshu Sheng was more detailed,and gradually began to develop in the direction of administrative agencies,but it had power in making government decision.Zhongshu Sheng further consolidates and perfects the functions of decision-making organs,and has the power of closure and refutation.The establishment of Jishu Sheng in the period of Wei Dynasty is an important part of the system of four political organizations.As the central system of the Wei,Jin and Southern Dynasties,the operation mechanism of the four provincial system is also more complex.Zhongshu Sheng,as the decision-making body of the imperial edict,was divided into two parts by power with Shangshu Sheng,which had the decision-making power.Shangshu Sheng began to develop towards the direction of the administrative body,and the terms of reference of the internal Shangshucao were continuously refined.The power of Zhongshu Sheng is limited by the order issued by Menxia Sheng which has the power of sealing and refuting.At the same time,the original service consultant function of officials from Menxia Sheng can influence the policy-making to a certain extent.The power of pingshangshushi means that the official documents of Shangshu Sheng need to be reviewed by the Menxia Sheng,but at the same time,Shangshu Sheng can also raise objections to the opinions of Menxia Sheng,and finally submit them to the emperor.The officials of Jishu Sheng can also do pingshangshushi.At the same time,Jishu Sheng has the power of advice,and is also responsible for touring the local areas and writing excellent policies.As a feudal monarch,the personal will of the emperor can influence the power of an official post and the transfer of the power center of an institution.On the other hand,the system of four political organizations also limits the power of the emperor to a certain extent,but this kind of restrictionof monarchy cannot be equal to the separation of powers and checks and balances in the sense of modern democracy.With the return of Jishu Sheng to the Menxia Sheng in the Sui Dynasty,the system of four political organizations gradually bid farewell to the historical stage,but its remaining system still affected the political life of the Sui and Tang Dynasties,and laid the foundation for the formation of the system of three political organizations and six ministries.