A Study Of Mongolian Prince's Attitude To Outer Mongolia's "Independence" At The Late Qing Dynasty And The Early Republic Of China(1911-1915)

The Revolution of 1911 quickly started a wave of revolution all over the country,and the internal ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty gave an opportunity for Tsarist Russia to take advantage.Abetted by the Tsarist Russian power,the outer Khalkha Mongolia declared implementing “independence” and establishing of the Bokdo Khan regime.In initial period of “Independence”of Outer Mongolia,the Mongol princes stationed in Beijing were in the same camp as the Qing government and adopt the strict reproach attitude to the Outer Mongolia area.In the period of the North and South Peace Negotiation when the situation of Qing government in which the power was rapidly falling,for leaving behind for their development,the princes of Mongolia stationed in Beijing who depended on the Manchu-Mongolian regime to enjoy special treatment strived to maintain the rule of the Qing government,and on the other hand,they began to contact with the Outer Mongolia regime,During the Qing Emperor announced abdication and the initial age of the Beiyang government,princes of Mongolia stationed in Beijing were divided into two main factions.As had publicly expressed the support for Beiyang government,the group led by Amurlingkui was opposed to the Outer Mongolia regime.After the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty,the group of the princess in Beijing,headed by Günsennorob,chose to follow the example of Cullen's practice of "independence," and began to contact Cullen in pursuit of his own interests after the "independence" was hopeless.Finally,be draw in by the Yuan Shikai,this part of the people chose to return to the Beiyang government,Before and after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty,the attitude of the Mongolian princes stationed in Beijing changed with the change of their political standpoint.The reason is only to safeguard their original feudal privileges.After the establishment of the Beiyang government,to soothe the Eastern Mongolia princes,Beiyang government sent Amurlingkui and others to the Eastern Mongolia region to hold a meeting of the Eastern Mongolia princes,and the Eastern Mongolia princes that had disagreed with the Outer Mongolia regime adopted a more exclusive attitude towards,after being treated favorably by the Beiyang government.In Western Inner Mongolia,in order to protect the interests of the banner the princes of Mongolia had to adopt a mutually no offend attitude between the Beiyang government and Outer Mongolia regime around the meeting of princes of the Western Inner Mongolia.During the initial period of the Beiyang government,the political situation was not stable,and the protection measures for Inner Mongolia were still shallow,so the Kulun regime was covetous of Inner Mongolia again.The banners of Inner Mongolia are basically in the swirl zone of the struggle between the two major forces.In this situation,the princes of Inner Mongolia adopted the mutually no offend attitude which was a special self-protection measure that had to be taken before the forces of the Beiyang government and the Outer Mongolia regime were separated from each other.Within the Bokdo Khan's regime,other Mongolian princes kept the non-intervention attitude towards “independence” before the Prince Hangdar and others advocating forcefully “independence”.After declaring “independence”,the living Buddha was gradually override right by Hangdar and others because of his illness.As for the attitude of “independence”,he is not able to redeem it,although had intention to cancel "independence".During this period,there were various contradictions within the newly established regime.The emergence of the Russian-Mongolian Agreement makes most of the princes of Outer Mongolia thoroughly see through the aggressive conspiracy of Tsarist Russia.Regretting to support "independence" they began to turn to the Beiyang government.The emergence of the Bokdo Khan's regime is because the decadent and declining rule of the Qing Dynasty,the long-term coveting of Tsarist Russia,and the very few princes of Mongolia with lust who were used by Tsarist Russia.Under the influence of the modern social trend of thought and the national nationalism thought formed for a long time in Chinese society,the Mongolian princes recognized the essence of the "independence" of outer Khalkha,and finally chose the Beiyang government.