The Purpose of this research is to analyze the U.S.policies towards Afghanistan after9/11 and how the U.S.re-engaged the South Asian region towards stability for their interest.How and Why the theory of Evolution influenced the process of Nation-Building with the passage of time?What are the leading causes of nation-building failure in Afghanistan?The Impacts of U.S,policies towards Afghan Nation-Building process was reconstructive or not?After 9/11,Taliban's were asking the evidence of Osama Bin Laden conspiracy,but the U.S.denied and by invading Afghanistan opened a new battlefield to the Taliban's regime.After invading Afghanistan,the U.S.and U.N.started a Bonn conference,where the U.S.and the international society handed over power to their cold war era allies"Warlords."Due to the empowered warlords,the Taliban get chance to become strengthened.In 2003,Afghan President Hamid Karzai asked the U.S.to help him to get rid of'warlords;On the contrary,the U.S.supported warlords and gave them high ranks.In 2005,the dramatic increase in the Taliban's attack was the red signal towards enduring freedom operation.Finally,the U.S.revised the Policy towards nation-building process in Afghanistan,but unfortunately,that was also not fruitful.Until 2007 The U.S.has never paid sufficient attention to Afghanistan because the Bush administration was against the nation-building and most importantly they diverted all their attention to the Iraq war.In 2007 the U.S.realized to fund the Afghan war and start nation-building,which has created another massive problem of corruption because The U.S.government would ask the DoD and the USAID to spend the fund asap,and this has led to the wastage of money.Meanwhile,the USAID and the DoD were spending all f'unds by themselves and were given a very less amount of money to the Afghan government to spend it.The ISAF logistic supply has created another problem because the private security companies would give protection money to Taliban and the U.S.would accuse the Afghan government of the corruption whereas the corruption was a two side corruption,not one-sided.Those corrupt Afghan officials were those who were warlords,and the Alfghan government policy was apparent,the Afghan president several times has asked the U.S.and international aid agencies not to give reconstruction projects to the Afghan governmental officials,but still,the U.S.did it.In 2009,when Obama took power,he shifted the strategy from counterterrorism to Counterinsurgency and sent more troops to Afghanistan,but sooner he started not believing in his strategy.After killing Osama Bin Laden in 2011,Obama started believing that they have achieved their goals,and now it is time to focus on the nation-building inside America.Obama started pulling out forces from Afghanistan because he shifted his Policy from war on terror to the great power competition.Obama had a pivot to East Asia and wanted to engage in East Asia instead of fighting the Afghan war.The pulling out of forces in a rush has made the Afghan government more vulnerable because it was not much ready to take over.The Afghan security forces were lacking in training,modern weapons and uniquely they were not equipped by fighter jets.After 2014,the U.S.role shifted from fighting in Afghanistan to training and assisting the Afghan security forces,but after more than a decade in Afghanistan,the U.S.and the international society was either lacking experience or intentionally wanted Afghanistan to be interdependent country.When President Trump took power,he adopted a broader South Asia strategy,he engaged India and Pakistan in solving the Afghan issue,until now the south Asia strategy has no any clear impact in solving the Afghan issue.President trump has stopped nation-building in Afghanistan but ordered the forces to re-enygage in the war on terror in Afghanistan.According to the DoD and Media reports,the U.S.has dropped the record number of bombs in Afghanistan in the last four years.These bombs did not help,but it has caused more civilian casualties and more anger in the Afghan people.The factors leading to the instability of the nation-building process mainly come from three aspects:goals,attitudes,and behaviours.The critical factor for the United States and the international community should be promoting democracy,not promoting pure western democracy;The arrogant attitude towards Afghanistan is reflected in difficulty in integrating the U.S.military into the local culture,as well as the political intervention in all aspects and levels,including the training of the army and police,the appointment of afghans immigrated to the west as senior officials and the issue of detention centers.Factors that causes destabilization in the process of nation-building were unawareness of culture,language barrier,the dilemma of parallel institutes,Air strikes and night raids,political intervention,corruption,warlords'power,failure to stop Pakistan from supporting Taliban,issues of Afghan forces training,mistakes and bitter relations made Afghanistan's situation vulnerable.So,if the U.S.did not abandon Alghanistan and thrown into wolves after the Cold war ended,there might never be such a power vacuum or anarchy,that would lead Afghanistan to be a safe haven for international terrorist networks. |