The Study Of The Sale System Of Rank And Office In Qing Dynasty

The essence of donation is to sell officials and buy officials.It is undoubtedly a kind of maladministration,which should be abandoned,and should never be allowed to exist in a civilized and democratic society ruled by law.However,when it becomes an inevitable phenomenon in a society,people can do nothing to abandon this kind of maladministration.Under this circumstances,it is a worthy topic to explore that how to reduce their invasions to society and people as much(?).The essence of selling and buying officials is the privatization of state officials.In ancient imperial China," All this land under heaven belongs to the king,all the people are the king's servants.”All official positions are privately owned by the monarch,who can dispose and distribute them independently.It is "lawful" for the monarch to sell and buy officials.Therefore,donors have a systemic root,and the society is unable to really eliminate it,which is an objective fact.On this basis,many researches on restrictive provisions about the sale system of rank and officials are studied,in order to make this maladministration as "reasonable" as possible.However,this kind of "reasonability" is by no means not intended to promote its positive effects,but to reduce its toxic actions.The sale system of rank and office in ancient China has a long history,but it flourishes in Qing Dynasty with the most rigorous cases and the most stringent procedures,which is the culmination of the past dynasties.Many restrictions limit the sale system of rank and offices within a certain framework,reducing its toxic effects.The specific manifestations are as following.1)Donated by the state,and carried out in public,to a certain extent,it avoids private sales of officials and black-box operations.2)Publicize the case of legalization,standardize the the sale system of rank and office process,which limit the scope of the sale system of rank and office,clarify the price of the sale system of rank and office,and reduce official corruption.3)The money enters into the state treasury,and strict regulations make the "satisfaction".The money supplies Qing Dynasty's treasury,which is a regular income used to make up for the national finance.4)Many restrictions are guaranteed separately in the early,middle and later stages of the the sale system of rank and office,such as strict examination of the qualifications of donors,age restrictions,restricted areas for donating positions,strict assessment system before and after employment,probation period and other regulations.To a certain extent,through these methods,the official capacities of donors were guaranteed.Besides,it weeds out those who hold an office and enjoy all the privileges without doing a stroke of work,which reduces the harmful effects.This thesis will take the sale system of rank and office in Qing Dynasty as an example On the premise of recognizing the sale system of rank and office as a kind of maladministration,this study will start from its establishment and implementation of the sale system of rank and office calendar cases,and then it will analyze the relative rationality of the sale system of rank and office from the perspective of the system limitation,so as to have a comprehensive understanding of ancient donors,and provide references for future studies on this respect.