| Since the treaty of Westphalia,sovereign states have become the subject of international political behavior and the most solid form of human political organization.However,the existence of separatism threatens modern sovereign states,whose demands for territory,population and division of sovereignty do great harm to sovereign states.The Kurdish separatism in Turkey,due to its complicated causes,various forms and long duration,has become a perfect case for studying the separatism.This paper first introduces the definition and harm of separatism.Separatism refers to "ACTS of violence aimed at undermining the territorial integrity of a state,including the separation or decomposition of a part of the state territory,as well as the planning,preparation,collusion and instigation of the above activities".It has four characteristics: separateness,land and territorial demands,forms of violence and terrorism,and complexity.Territorial claims,extreme identification and separatist organizations are the three components of separatism.The theory of separatism seems to take "people’s sovereignty" as the shell,but actually it despises the principles of fairness and democracy.The rejection by the international community and the governance of sovereign states made separatism difficult to achieve and only had a small chance of success if there was major disorder in the sovereign state.The Kurdish nation has its own unique language and culture,and the Kurdish region is a land of strategic importance and abundant resources.The kurds,inspired by Islam,fought for the Ottoman empire and took Turkey’s side.But after the first world war,Turkey’s politics were reorganized,and the old territories were divided into states that divided the kurds.The new Turkish republic’s spat with the kurds is the cause of Turkish separatism.This paper argues that Kurdish separatism has four stages: the first stage,the primary form represented by the desimu rebellion and the sheikh said rebellion;The second level is the intermediate form represented by the movement of separatist organizations such as the PKK.The third level is the high-level form represented by Kurdish statehood activities.At the fourth level,try to carry out the transformation form of negotiation and communication.The three stages are upgraded successively and gradually exist in a more complex and mature organizational form.This paper expounds the origin of the formation and development of Kurdish separatism in Turkey from four aspects: politics,economic society,civil society and organization,international intervention and globalization.The most immediate reason is political: the kurds’ inability to accept the authority of the state,and the government’s response of violent obliteration,has led directly to separatism.The economic and social backwardness of the Kurdish region and the government’s reverse tilting policy are the economic reasons for the emergence of separatism.With the development of democratic politics in Turkey and the formation of Kurdish separatist parties and organizations in Turkey,the separatist ideology has gradually entered a mature mode.The intervention of foreign forces and the new situation of globalization and network in the new era have also boosted the development of separatism.This paper explores the rise,operation and transformation of a violent separatist group,with the PKK as a cross-section.The PKK rose as Kurdish farmers who had lost their land during Turkey’s economic transformation and land consolidation flooded into the cities,merged with the Turkish democratization process and the international leftist trend,and turned to separatism and violence under the strong repression of the Turkish right-wing forces and military.With the goal of Kurdish independence,the PKK has established its army and base areas and carried out violent attacks and terrorist activities.At the same time,the PKK has its own systematic theories of separatism and leftism,and has built a global organization that reaches deep into the Kurdish underclass.Some members of the kurdistan workers’ party(PKK)insisted on violent struggle after Mr Ocalan’s arrest.Some began negotiations with the government at his call.The Turkish government’s governance of Kurdish separatism is mainly divided into two aspects: force suppression and communication assistance.The means of force repression include military repression,military control system,village guard system,suppression of public opinion and international cooperation.President ozal and later the justice and development party(ak)carried out the "Kurdish opening" motion and the "imla peace process" and other peaceful procedures successively in recognizing the Kurdish language and culture,allowing the kurds to participate in politics and investment in the prosperous Kurdish region.But the opposition of Turkey’s civilian government and the military government makes the two policies unable to complement each other,and on the contrary,they make the separatist governance in an impasse.At present,there is the problem of separatism in many countries in the world.This article summarizes the separatist governance experience is: national oppression,poverty and inequality are the hotbed of the emergence of separatism;The policy of governance should be coherent;In the age of information and globalization,we should look around the world;Separatist organizations are the key to governance;We should dispel separatist identity with national identity and resolutely safeguard sovereignty. |
