Research On Zhongzhi In Ming Dynast

Zhongzhi of the Ming Dynasty refers to the orders to pay directly from the palace without the approval of the cabinet.After the Zhengtong period,the drafting of the decree and the approval of the chapters must follow the cabinets practice.The fact that the emperor directly issued orders and approved the seals without going through the cabinet was not only a violation of the regular decision-making process of the Ming Dynasty,but also contributed to the power of the eunuch.Therefore,Zhongzhi was opposed and criticized by the bureaucratic group.This paper sorts out the similar situations of the previous generations in the Ming Dynasty,studies the background,causes and flooding process of the Ming Dynasty's Zhongzhi.Based on the reasons and contents of Zhongzhi,it classifies the Ming Dynasty's Zhongzhi,discusses the deep-rooted reasons and effects of the Ming Dynasty's bureaucratic group's opposition to Zhongzhi.Finally,it observes the influence of Zhongzhi on the Ming Dynasty politics.There is currently no special research in the academic circles for Zhongzhi of the Ming Dynasty.It is only mentioned in the papers on the study of Piaoni,the document system of the Ming Dynasty.Therefore,this thesis intends to conduct a detailed study of the Ming Dynasty's Zhongzhi and related issues.On the basis of clarifying the specific reasons and contents of Zhongzhi,it mainly solves the following problems:Why Zhongzhi was rarely seen rare in the early Ming Dynasty and began to flood after Ming Chenghua period?Based on what position did the bureaucratic group of the Ming Dynasty oppose Zhongzhi?What effect did their opposition have?What was the impact of Zhongzhi of the political development and operation of the Ming Dynasty?First of all,Zhongzhi was rarely seen in the annals before the Chenghua period.There are few records about the emperor's decree,and it is rare to see the ministers'slogans on Zhongzhi.This is because after the abolition of the prime minister,Ming Taizu established a highly centralized political system.In the early Ming Dynasty,the emperors,Taizu and Chengzu mastered the power.In the Hongxi and Xuande period,although the status of the cabinet was rising and it began to obtain the right to Piaoni,but at this time Piaoni did not become a routine.The drafting of the document,the approval of the book was in the hands of the emperor.Until the Zhengtong period,the emperor was too young to determine the political affairs.So Piaoni gradually became a norm,which constituted the conditions for the formation of Zhongzhi.Therefore,after the Chenghua period,Zhongzhi began to appear in a large number of documents.The key to this change is the formation of the Piaoni system,so that the order and the chapters are handed over to the cabinet became a routine that is recognized by the courtiers and even the emperor himself.Secondly,the reason why the bureaucratic group of the Ming Dynasty wanted to criticize Zhongzhi was not only to maintain the long-term stability of the Ming Dynasty(because most Zhongzhi were illegal,which determined it was unfavorable to the rule of the Ming Dynasty).It also based on three aspects to oppose the emperor's practice of issuing Zhongzhi of morality,ancestral system and the most fundamental power structure of bureaucrats and eunuchs.Finally,Zhongzhi undermines the Piaoni system.Piaoni is helpful to ensure that the emperor's decision-making is scientific and reasonable.However,Zhongzhi nade it impossible for the cabinet to play its auxiliary role.Therefore,the influence of Zhongzhi on Ming Dynasty's politics was mainly negative.Zhongzhi went beyond the routine decision-making procedure,made power unrestricted,facilitated eunuchs'unauthorized power,destroyed the normal election system,disrupted the normal judicial order and increased the financial burden of the country.