Research On Williams' Individualized Ethics And Governance Theory

According to the traditional moral philosophy which takes Kant's philosophy as the core,our behavior is determined by our free will.First of all,as an individual who can think independently,man must have will and the will is free;second,because behavior is produced under the guidance of one's own will,free will and moral responsibility come together,and at the same time,uncontrollable factors,such as luck,are discarded from the concept of moral.Utilitarianism,which also occupies the status of mainstream moral philosophy,makes it clear that the greatest happiness of most people is the highest moral standard and maximizes the universal welfare.However,in the study of Kant's "Humans should not lie",they doubted the moral laws that could not be violated under any circumstances.Obviously,real life is very complicated,and it is dogmatic to use only pure moral principles to constrain human behavior.Similarly,utilitarianism that pursues universal well-being and seems to take into account the individual well-being of each social member also needs to be further considered.The excessive pursuit of purpose in utilitarianism neglects the role of actor,"man" itself and such indifference to individual people and life plans is something we do not want to see.Since the twentieth century,moral relativism has prevailed,and moral philosophy has begun to focus on the study of the complexity and reality of human life.Many contemporary philosophers and research scholars object to simplifying complex human ethical life into abstract moral laws,which,according to their wisdom,is out of real life.Williams believes that "we must admit that this world may sometimes force a person with good will to do ethically ugly things and destroy real obligations",and pays close attention to individual ethical life.Although it will lead to a vague standard of moral judgment,it makes great senses to guide practice.He believes that people are independent individuals in moral life,and they are everyone.They are neither executors of simplified moral judgments constrained by absolute laws,nor abstract "persons" who are indifferent to individuality.Through careful thinking,actors choose from subjective active collection,external reasons and shame to form a combination of internal reasons in favor of the individual,and then make action.The moral responsibility produced in this way is influenced by the actor's motivation on the one hand and moral luck on the other.Accordingly,this article is divided into the following five parts for discussion:The first part is introduction,combing the research status of individual philosophers before Williams and other scholars' views on the idea,showing the historical evolution of the research direction and the current status of the research at home and abroad,and consequently identify the significance of the topic.The second part is the first chapter.On the basis of the criticism of the unbiased moral position which takes Kant's philosophy as the core,it points out the disadvantages of traditional moral philosophy,which further led to Williams's efforts on this issue,putting forward the idea of moral luck,and still insisting on the necessity of external objective reasons.The third part is the second chapter.According to the previous part,while adhering to the external reasons,the main reasons for Williams' individualized ethical life theory which are derived from the motivation of individual desire are mainly discussed.The exposition of internal reasons mainly involves three aspects:subjective initiative collection,prudent thinking,and regret and shame.The fourth part is the third chapter.In the previous chapter,the content of Williams' individualized ethics is sorted out,emphasizing the importance of the life of the actor as "everyone",and thus from the abstract concepts of happiness and negative responsibilities,both criticize the indifferent utilitarianism of individuality.The conclusion of the fifth part points out the problems of Kantianism and utilitarianism in the current mainstream moral philosophy,and points out the advantages of Williams's moral philosophy.Williams's attention to life in individual theory provides new ideas for the development of moral philosophy.