The Measurement And Optimization Of TOD: Comparative Study Of Three Typical Cities In China

With the rapid improvement of economy and urbanization in China,people are pouring into cities for jobs,education and better living conditions,which leads to unordered expansion of human's habitats.Car dependency has burden the transportation infrastructure and environmental protection in big cities.To cope with such challenges,many cities are eager to promote a balanced development between transportation driven supply and land use demand.Transit Oriented Development(TOD)is to use the public transit hub as the “node” and the surrounding area of the site with a suitable walking distance as the “place” to achieve the coordination between transportation and land use.Using literature research,this paper first sorts out the theories and empirical researches of TOD.Then,a TOD development level index system based on the classic “node-place” model is formulated.Analytic hierarchy process is used to construct the indexes and an empirical study is conducted with typical Chinese cities(Shanghai,Wuhan and Hangzhou).Spatial patterns and regional profiles of TOD development in these cities are depicted.Also,two additional issues are investigated.One is to explore whether the extension of "accessibility" dimension is reasonable for the "node-place" model and the other is to check if the radius of surroundings could affect the evaluation results.Last,solutions on two types of problems in TOD development,site selection and land use allocation schemes,are put forward and two related empirical researches are carried out.Major findings are summarized as follows:(1)Shanghai has the best developed transit system but an unbalanced land use pattern.Both Hangzhou and Wuhan are in a rapid development stage of TOD.It also shows that the development of transit system has a scale effect.First-mover cities can better integrate the transit system and land use development in the central city.However,more attention should be paid on pedestrian's friendliness around stations.(2)The “accessibility” dimension could effectively extend the original “node-place” model.The setting of radius for station areas has little effect on the result of TOD evaluation.(3)Two types of optimization models are validated to solve problems in TOD development.