Microwave - osmotic dehydration of apples (Red Gala) under continuous flow medium spray conditions (MWODS) for improving moisture transport rate and product quality

Microwave osmotic dehydration (MWOD) is a novel technique with a good potential for more efficient osmotic drying of fruits and vegetables. It combines the microwave heating with osmotic dehydration for enhancing moisture transfer rate in the osmotic dehydration process and product quality. Previous studies have found the MWOD process under continuous flow medium immersion heating conditions to significantly improve moisture loss rate and product quality, and to lower the solids gain. This research focuses on a system combining microwave and osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray (MWODS) conditions.;MWODS was further studied to evaluate the effect of various process variables (sucrose concentration, medium temperature, flow rate and contact time) by using response surface methodology and a central composite rotatable design. Predictive models were developed relate the response variables to process parameters. Finally optimization studies were carried out to elucidate optimal processing conditions under MWODS. The study demonstrated that moisture loss (ML), solids gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR) were predictably higher at higher sucrose concentrations, higher medium temperatures, longer contact times and higher flow rates. With ML and WR, all process variables except flow rate had interactions, while with SG, only the contact time -- flow rate interactions were significant. A set of optimum conditions were established to provide higher moisture transfer and weight reduction rates with moderate levels of solids gain.;Since OD only results in partial dehydration, a second stage drying was evaluated employing conventional air drying and compared with freeze drying to identify cost effective systems for preserving the quality of the osmotically dehydrated shelf-stable fruits. The effect of MWODS pretreatment on air-drying kinetics and quality parameters (color, texture, and rehydration characteristics) of apple (Red Gala) cylinders was evaluated. The results revealed that drying time decreased with increasing concentrations and medium temperature of the MWODS treatment. Compared with untreated control samples, MWODS air-dried samples had higher coefficient of moisture diffusivity (D m). In terms of quality parameters, the MWODS air-drying combination process resulted in a product with lower color change and a more chewy structure. The air dried product without MWODS had the least desirable quality characteristics. While the color was better preserved in the freeze dried product, it was much more brittle than MWODS -- air-dried product. The rehydration capacity of MWODS air-dried products was lower than freeze-dried products and higher than air-dried.;Overall, the thesis research contributes to a better understanding of the moisture transfer behavior during microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray processing conditions. Together with a simple second stage air-drying it can produce high quality dehydrated apple products.;Preliminary studies were carried out to compare the osmotic dehydration kinetics of apple (Red Gala) cylinders in microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray conditions (MWODS) with microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium immersion conditions (MWODI), as well as conventional osmotic drying (COD) in immersion (CODI) and spray (CODS) modes. Eight different test conditions (two temperatures (40°C-50°C), solute concentration (40°B-50°B); and four treatment times (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) with three replicates were employed with each method. The process was monitored for moisture loss, weight reduction and solids gain. The results showed that the MWODS process considerably enhanced the moisture transfer rate from the fruit, and limited the solids gain at the same time. In the second part, the two-parameter Azuara model and the conventional diffusion model were evaluated for describing the mass transfer kinetics of apple ( Red Gala) cylinders during MWODS, MWODI, CODS and CODI. The results showed that both models adequately described the transient mass transfer kinetics during the OD process; however the Azuara model was superior.