| Fibre-metal-laminates (FMLs) represent a significant evolution in airframe material technology. This new family of materials combines low density, high strength and excellent damage tolerance through the use of metal layers strengthened with fibre-reinforced polymer layers. When subjected to low-velocity impact these laminates like traditional composites, develop internal delamination damage, matrix cracks and limited fibre fractures. Also, as in traditional composites, this damage is hidden within the laminate. A method for predicting the amount of internal damage would reduce the experimental testing requirements for the certification of new laminates.; This thesis describes the development of a modelling methodology that makes use of a new material subroutine based on continuum damage mechanics in the explicit finite-element code LS-DYNA. This subroutine was verified using the experimental data from low-velocity impact tests of various types of GLARE (GLAss REinforced) aluminum laminates, a common type of commercially available fibre-metal-laminate. Static characterization tests were also conducted on GLARE coupons to provide basic property data for the development of the model. These included static tensile tests and double cantilever beam delamination tests. The modelling methodology was used to improve simulations of low-velocity impact on GLARE laminates. The simulations demonstrated that intralaminar damage has a greater effect on the impact response of the panels than interlaminar damage. Parts of this thesis were components of a multi-year collaborative FML Durability Project between Carleton University, Bombardier Aerospace and the National Research Council Canada. |
