| Theories of social constructionism developed in psychology bear little resemblance to the original theory of constructionism proposed by Berger and Luckmann (1967). Some differences, most importantly those concerning how language is conceived, are at the root of problems suffered by the theories proposed by psychologists Kenneth J. Gergen and John Shotter. The critical literature suggests that psychological constructionism suffers from problems associated with relativism. It is argued, however, that the problem is more serious in that the theories of language proposed by Gergen and Shotter lead to solipsistic rather than relativistic consequences. The solution to the problematic aspects of their theories lies in returning to the use of action rather than language as a starting point for theory development. Berger and Luckmann (1967) avoid the problems suffered by their psychological counterparts by beginning with action. How problems are avoided by the use of action and how a viable theory becomes possible are discussed. |
