Knowledge, utilization, and perceptions of shamanism and Western counseling or psychotherapy by the various Hmong subgenerational groups and religious belief

The present study examines the perceptions, utilization, and understanding of traditional Hmong shamanism and Western counseling or psychotherapy by the various Hmong subgenerational groups and religious beliefs groups in Fresno, California. A total of 182 participants participated. Results indicated significant differences between Hmong and English literacy and fluency by the Hmong religious beliefs and subgenerational groups; understanding of Western counseling or psychotherapy, utilization of traditional shamanism and Western counseling or psychotherapy and perception of self-healing after seeking a shaman by the subgenerational groups; and utilization of traditional Hmong shamanism by the Hmong religious groups.