Building sanity: The rise and fall of architectural treatment at the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum

Although many historians have acknowledged the importance of architecture in the treatment of the mentally ill during the nineteenth century, no historian has ever examined the rise and fall of the importance of architecture to the treatment of patients at the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum. By the late eighteenth century, physicians and laymen alike accepted the ideology of environmental determinism - that one's environment exercised a direct influence over his or her behavior. In other words, mental illness was both caused and cured by the environment; thus, architecture played a key role in the treatment of mental illness. The South Carolina Lunatic Asylum offers a unique chance to examine the role of architecture in the treatment of the mentally ill because of two buildings. The Mills Building (1821-27) represented a systematic approach toward curing mental illness through architecture before any other public asylum in the United States did so. The Babcock Building (1857-58, 1870-76, 1880-2, 1883-85), while originally designed along the lines of the Kirkbride plan seen throughout the country, was built over more than thirty years and thus offers a chance to see how drastically the role of architecture evolved in promoting mental health. Originally designed to cure mental illness, purpose-built asylums became warehouses; the physicians in charge knew most patients who entered would only leave in death. Between the 1820s and the 1880s, the leaders of the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum constructed buildings that demonstrated the national ascendency and decline of the architectural treatment of insanity.