Health Risk Assessment Through Dietary Intake Of Short Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin In Jinan City

Chlorinated paraffins(CPS)are complex mixtures made from polychlorinated n-paraffins containing thousands of isomers and are widely used as plasticizers in plastics,as secondary flame retardants ina variety of consumer products,and as additives in paints,lubricants,sealants,and metalworking fluids.According to the length of the carbon chain,CPS can be divided into very short-chain chlorinated paraffins(C≤9,,vSCCPs),short-chain chlorinated paraffins(C10-13,SCCPs),medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(C14-17,MCCPs),and Long-chain chlorinated paraffins(C≥18,LCCPs).Because SCCPs have the properties of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)such as environmental persistence,long-distance migration,biological accumulation,and biological toxicity,they were included in Annex A of the POPs list of Stockholm Convention in 2017.CPs is widely distributed in the atmosphere,organisms,water,soil,and sediments,and has been detected even in polar regions.Some countries,such as Europe,America,Canada and Japan.have taken some measures to limit the production of SCCPs,but it has a long history of production and use.China,as the world’s largest producer and user of CPs,has not taken relevant measures,so CPs widely exists in various environments around the world.In addition,since SCCPs have been phased out,it is anticipated that a future shift to increasing the production of MCCPs will be the preferred alternative.Therefore,the environmental aspects of MCCPs and LCCPs deserve the same attention.Studies have found that MCCPs with a chlorination degree of more than 46%are persistent and toxic,and high concentrations are detected in environmental samples.Therefore,the production and application of MCCPs may bring new negative impacts and health risks to the environment and biosphere.CPs exposure in human body can be divided into food intake,respiratory absorption and skin contact,among which food intake is one of the biggest sources of exposure,accounting for 90%in non-occupational population.The current research lacks the correlation analysis of the specific dietary structure of Jinan residents.Therefore,measuring the distribution of dietary CPs and analyzing the intake risk are of great significance for assessing the pollution status in China and its impact on human beings.In this study,samples were processed by accelerated solvent extraction(ASE)and ultrasonic extraction,and purified and concentrated on a composite silica column.Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source-four-stage pole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(APCI-QTOF-MS)was used to determine the concentration of SCCPs and MCCPs in different foods in Jinan,and to estimate the exposure degree of residents of different age/gender in Jinan.Calculate the daily intake of different foods and assess their health risks.SCCPs and MCCPs were detected in all food samples,indicating widespread exposure of Jinan residents to CPs.The C congener group of SCCPs in all samples were mainly C13,and the Cl congener group were mainly Cl7,Cl6,and Cl8.The proportion of C homologue C14 in MCCPs is the highest,and the Cl homologue is mainly Cl7,Cl8 and Cl6.Dairy products had the highest CPs content in animal food samples,while edible oils had the highest CPS content in plant food samples.The concentration of SCCPs in food samples ranged from 5.3 to 2 483.2 ng/g,with an average concentration of 192.3 ng/g.The concentration of MCCPs ranged from 4.6 to 605.1 ng/g,and the average concentration was 112.3 ng/g.Wet weight concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were positively correlated with fat content.The ratio of SCCPs to MCCPs in all samples was 1.4,of which the highest was in edible oil(3.6)and the lowest was in eggs(0.7).The estimated daily intake(EDI)of SCCPs in this study was 2 201.9～4 128.3 ng/(kg·d);EDI of MCCPS was 1 726.4～3 230.2 ng/(kg·d).The hazard quotients(HQ)of SCCPs ranged from 0.022 to 0.067.The HQ of MCCPs ranged from 0.017 to 0.047.Although,according to available data,dietary intake of SCCPs and MCCPs does not cause adverse effects on human health,human exposure to CPs products will continue and continue as the industrial production of CPs has not been banned.Therefore,environmental risk management needs to be further strengthened and implemented to reduce the potential adverse effects of CPs on the environment and human health.