Study On Water And Fertilizer Optimization Technology Of Apple Orchard With Dwarf Stock And Close Planting In Hebei Province

Dwarf root stock and close planting is widely used in developed countries of apple industry in the world,and it is also the main direction of modern apple industry development in China.With the large-scale development of apple orchards with dwarf root stock and close planting in Hebei Province,the lack of systematic management mode of water and fertilizer technology is becoming more and more obvious.In this study,the effects of different irrigation and fertilization conditions on apple yield,quality and soil nutrient content in Hebei Province were studied by using the method of water and fertilizer optimization scheme test and field investigation of dwarf root stock and close planting orchard.The nutrient abundance and deficiency status of soil in different apple planting areas in Hebei province were explored,so as to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and increase the efficiency of apple production and fertilizer application And agricultural sustainable development to provide theoretical basis and technical support.The main results are as follows:(1)The yield and quality of apple were improved by water and fertilizer optimization.The yield of the three optimized treatments were significantly higher than that of T1(conventional water and fertilizer treatment).T2(25%reduction of water and fertilizer combined with zinc fertilizer)and T4(25%reduction of water and fertilizer combined with soil conditioner)increased yield by 5.2%,2.7%and 4.4%respectively.In terms of fruit shape index,T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than T2 and T1 treatments,which were 46.3%and 43.3%higher than T1 treatments,respectively.There was no significant difference in hardness among the four treatments.Compared with T1,T2 and T4,the ratio of sugar to acid in T3 was 21.76%,33.89%and 23.95%higher than that of T1,T2 and T4.Among the four treatments,T4 treatment had the highest vitamin C content,which was significantly different from other treatments.(2)The nutrient contents of apple leaves and soil were improved by water and fertilizer optimization technology.The contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those in T1 and T2 treatments.At the mature stage,the nitrogen contents of T3 and T4 treatments were 40.6%and 51%higher than that of T1 treatment,the phosphorus content distribution was 36.8%and 29.3%higher than that of T1 treatment,and the potassium content was 43.46%and 58.65%higher than that of T1 treatment.In terms of soil organic matter,the content of soil organic matter in T4 treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments.The soil organic matter content in 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers at maturity stage increased by 36.6%,50.4%and 47.8%respectively compared with T1 treatment.In terms of soil nitrogen,the total nitrogen content of T3 and T4 treatments increased by 24.67%and 25.97%compared with T1.In terms of soil available P and K,the contents of available P and K in T4 treatment were 62.21%and 26.08%higher than those in T1 treatment,and 44.28%and 30.82%higher than those in T2 treatment.(3)Through the investigation,it is found that most of the orchards with low root stocks have some problems,such as backward fertilization technology,extensive soil management and unbalanced nutrients.From the index of soil nutrient abundance and deficiency,the content of soil organic matter in the orchard was in the middle lower level.63.7%of the soil organic matter content was in the middle range(1.5%-2%),and 16.2%was in the lack level.The soil nitrogen content was in the middle level,95%of the total nitrogen content was in the middle range(0.8-1.2 g/kg),and 85.4%of the soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content was in the middle range(100-180 mg/kg).The content of soil available phosphorus in most areas was higher,27.8%of the total soil available phosphorus content was higher,29%of the soil available phosphorus content was more than 40 mg/kg,the content was at a high level.The soil available potassium in the production area is on the high side。The average content of soil available potassium was 202.5 mg/kg.42.8%of soil available potassium content was 150-200 mg/kg,36.3%of soil available potassium content was more than 200 mg/kg.To sum up,under the experimental conditions of water and fertilizer integration technology,25%reduction of conventional water and fertilizer combined with soil conditioner and zinc fertilizer is the optimal water and fertilizer technology mode for dense planting apple orchard in this area.It is suggested that the orchard in Hebei Province should improve the fertilization method,adopt the water and fertilizer integration technology,and apply the water and fertilizer optimization technology mode obtained in this study to optimize the water and fertilizer reduction;at the same time,according to the experimental results of soil testing formula,scientific fertilization should be applied,organic fertilizer should be applied to improve the soil,the amount of potassium fertilizer should be controlled and reduced,and the supplement of soil phosphorus should be appropriately reduced,so as to realize the reduction of fertilizer application The goal of efficiency.