| In the early perinatal period,cows need a lot of nutrients due to pregnancy stimulation and initiation of lactation and other physiological activities.Therefore,in the late perinatal period.cows are often in a negative balance of nutrients,especially negative energy balance（neb）,which leads to a decline in body resistance.A series of nutritional metabolic diseases occurred.Chromium has been shown to have a synergistic effect on insulin function and an effect on the metabolism of glycolipids in animals.The addition of choline to dairy farming can promote the absorption of nutrients such as protein and increase milk production.At present,there are many researches on choline and chromium,but it is not clear whether the addition of both can play a synergistic role.This experiment is based on the addition of choline and chromium to the diet of perinatal dairy cows,to explore its effect on the physical function and production performance of perinatal cows,and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of choline and chromium to dairy cows.1.The effect of adding choline and organic chromium to dairy cows perinatal diet on some blood biochemical indicators of dairy cowsThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of adding rumen-choline（30g/d）and organic chromium（8g/d）to dairy cow diets on the health and nutritional balance of dairy cows.Stan cows are divided into 4 groups,each group has 10 heads,which are control group（basic diet）（TO）,basic diet+choline（TC）,basic diet+chromium（TA）and basic diet+choline+chromium(TAC).Dairy cows eat the same diet before delivery and lactating food after delivery.The test is the entire perinatal period,a total of 42 days.Collect relevant indicators for statistical analysis,the results are as follows:（1）The addition of choline and chromium to the diet has no effect on the dry matter intake of dairy cows.There was no difference in the change of prenatal blood glucose and BHBA concentration in dairy cows of each test group（p>0.05）.Compared with to on day of calving,10 days postpartum and 20 days postpartum,the blood glucose concentration of cows in each test group increased（p<0.05）,and the concentration of BHBA decreased（p<0.05）.（2）There was no difference in the concentration of TG and HDL in dairy cows between 20days before and 10 days before delivery（p>0.05）.On calving day,compared with TO,TC and TACTG concentrations decreased（p<0.05）,HDL concentration increased（p<0.05）,TATG concentration had no difference（p>0.05）,HDL concentration increased（p<0.05）compared with TC,there was no difference in TA and TACTG concentration（p>0.05）,HDL concentration increased（p<0.05）;TAC decreased compared with TA HDL concentration（p<0.05）.At 10 days postpartum,compared with TO,the TG concentration of TC,TA and TAC cows decreased（p<0.05）,and the HDL concentration increased（p<0.05）;there was no difference in TA,TC,TACTG and HDL concentration changes（p>0.05）.The concentration of TAC is lower than that of TCTG（p<0.05）.At 20 days postpartumm,compared with TO,the TG concentration of TC,TAand TAC cows decreased（p<0.05）,and the HDL concentration increased（p<0.05）;compared with TAC,there was no difference in TC,TATG and HDL concentration changes（p>0.05）;TA is higher than TCHDL concentration（p<0.05）.（3）Changes in liver function-related indicators:there were no differences in the concentration of PON1,ALT,and AST in dairy cows in each test group between 20 days before and 10 days before delivery（p>0.05）;TC,TA compared with TO on calving day increased with TAC PON1 concentration（p<0.05）,decreased ALT concentration（p<0.05）,no difference in AST concentration change（p>0.05）;compared with TA,there was no difference in TC and TACPON1,ALT and AST concentration change（p>0.05）;TAC decreased by 1 degree compared with TC PON1（p<0.05）.There was no difference in ALT and AST concentration changes（p>0.05）.compared with TO at 10 days postpartum and 20 days postpartum,the concentration of PON1 in the test group increased（p<0.05）,and the concentration of ALT and AST decreased（p<0.05）;there was no difference in the concentration of PON1 between the test groups（p>0.05）);compared with TAC,TC and TA ALT concentrations increased（p<0.05）,TA AST concentration decreased（p<0.05）,TAC AST concentration decreased 10 days postpartum（p<0.05）,and there was no difference in TAC AST concentration change 20 days postpartum（p>0.05）;there is no difference in the change of ALT concentration between TC and TA（p>0.05）.Compared with TC,there was no difference in TA and TAC AST concentration changes（p>0.05）.（4）The influence of endocrine indicators:there were no differences in the concentrations of insulin,ADP and Leptin in dairy cows between 20 days before and 10 days before delivery（p>0.05）.On calving day,compared with TO,there was no difference in TC Insulin concentration change（p>0.05）,ADP and Leptin concentration increased（p<0.05）,TA and TACInsulin,ADP and Leptin concentration increased（p<0.05）;compared with TA in contrast,the concentration of TAC Insulin decreased（p<0.05）,and there was no difference in the concentration of ADP and Leptin（p>0.05）.Compared with TO,the concentrations of Insulin,ADP and Leptin in each test group increased at 10 days and 20 days postpartum（p<0.05）,and there was no difference in the concentrations of Insulin,ADP and Leptin between the test groups（p>0.05）.At 10 days postpartum,the concentrations of TC,TA and TAC Leptin increased compared with TO（p<0.05）,the concentrations of TA and TAC Leptin increased compared with TC（p<0.05）,and the concentrations of TAC Leptin decreased compared with TA（p<0.05）.（5）Antioxidant and immune function:there was no difference in the concentration of GSH-Px,SOD,IL-1 and IL-6 in dairy cows in each test group between 20 days before and 10days before delivery（p>0.05）.On calving day,compared with to TC,TA and TAC GSH-Px,and SOD concentrations increased（p<0.05）,IL-1 and IL-6 concentrations decreased（p<0.05）;compared with TA,TC and TAC GSH-Px and SOD concentration decreased（p<0.05）,IL-1concentration did not change（p>0.05）,IL-6 concentration increased（p<0.05）;TC and TACGSH-Px,IL-1 and SOD concentration changed there was no difference（p>0.05）,the concentration of TAC decreased compared with TC IL-6（p<0.05）.At 10 days postpartum,compared with TO,TC GSH-Px concentration increased（p<0.05）,TA and TAC GSH-Px concentration did not change（p>0.05）,TC,TA and TAC SOD concentration increased（p<0.05）,IL-1 and IL-6 concentrations decreased（p<0.05）;compared with TC,TA and TAC GSH-Px concentrations decreased（p<0.05）;compared with TA,there was no difference in TAC GSH-Px concentration changes（p>0.05）,the concentration of TC and TAC SOD decreased（p<0.05）,there was no difference in the concentration of IL-1 and IL-6（p>0.05）;there was no difference in the concentration of TAC compared to TC SOD and IL-6（p>0.05）,the concentration of IL-1increased（p<0.05）.at 20 days postpartum,compared with TO,the concentrations of TC,TA and TAC GSH-Px and SOD increased（p<0.05）,and the concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 decreased（p<0.05）;TC,TA and TAC GSH-Px and there was no difference in IL-1 concentration change（p>0.05）;compared with TA,the concentration of TC and TACSOD decreased（p<0.05）,there was no difference in TC IL-6 concentration change（p>0.05）,and the concentration of TACIL-6decreased（p<0.05）;TA and TAC SOD concentrations were higher than TC（p<0.05）.In conclusion:Adding choline and organic chromium to the diet can improve the postpartum liver function of dairy cows,reduce the accumulation of lipid metabolites in the body,and improve the body’s antioxidant and immune capabilities.Adding choline and organic chromium simultaneously has no obvious synergistic effect.2.The effect of choline and organic chromium on the postpartum performance of dairy cows during perinatal periodThe purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of adding choline and organic chromium in the diet on the performance of dairy cows.The design and treatment of the experiment are the same as in experiment1.The results are as follows:（1）Changes in milk production:the milk production of cows in each test group has been increasing at 4 weeks postpartum（p<0.05）;the addition of choline in the diet increases the milk production in the first and second weeks of postpartum cows;the diet organic chromium increases milk production in the second,third,and fourth weeks of postpartum cows;adding choline+organic chromium to the diet improves milk production in the fourth week postpartum.（2）Changes in milk composition:there was no difference in milk fat percentage,milk protein,lactose and non-fat solids at 4 weeks postpartum（p>0.05）.Residue of additives in milk:the residual amount of chromium in milk fed with chromium additives meets the requirements of NY5045-2001 hygienic standard for the residual amount of chromium in milk.In conclusion:Adding choline and chromium to the diet can increase the milk production of cows 4 weeks postpartum,and has no significant effect on the milk composition of cows 4weeks postpartum.The residual amount in milk is in accordance with NY5045-2001 hygiene standard. |
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