Effects Of Formulated Fertilization On Growth And Fruit Quality And Soil Physical And Chemical Properties Of Muscat Hamburg Grape

Muscat Hamburg grape,which is one of Tianjin’s iconic industries,is loved by consumers for its unique rose aroma and excellent nutritional value.However,recently,due to germplasm degradation,decrease of tree vigor,and disease aggravation and decrease of soil nutrients in the region make its yield and fruit quality have been continuously reduced and comprehensive quality expresses acidity,difference in panicle weight and fruit size,reducing economic benefits of grapes.Formulated fertilization regards the diagnosis of plant and soil nutrients as foundation and the combines fertilizer’s effects and the application of organic fertilizers to present the appropriate ratio,amount,application technology,and fertilization time of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and trace elements to meet the requirements of fruit trees and balance absorption of various nutrients,improving its yield and qualityTherefore,the 6-year-old Muscat Hamburg grape of low-yield plantation in Hangu area was taken as the research object.The potassium fertilizers of 30-50kg/667m~2and effective iron,zinc and calcium fertilizers were calculated by the total nutrient requirements for every100kg of grapes produced,soil fertility,nutrient utilization rate and expected produce of1500kg per 667m~2.Based on the original fertilization in the area,a single-factor random block design was used to set 12 sets of fertilization schemes from fertilizer type,fertilization period,fertilization amount,application method.Conventional fertilization was blank.The base fertilizer,germination fertilizer,Before flowering fertilizer,after flowering fertilizer,strong fruit fertilizer,coloring fertilizer were cast according to characteristic of grape fertilizer requirement.The experiment of adding potassium fertilizer to the soil were set as 3 treatments of 30 kg/667m~2,40 kg/667m~2,and 50 kg/667m~2（treatments 1-3）.The experiment of adding potassium fertilizer to soil and spraying mixed fertilizer on leaf were set 40 kg/667m~2+0.1%Fe,Zn,Ca,40 kg/667m~2+0.2%Fe,0.3%Zn,0.4%Ca,40 kg/667m~2+0.3%Fe,0.5%Zn,0.8%Ca（treatment 4-6）;The experiment of adding potassium fertilizer to soil and foliar spraying of a single trace element on the leaf were set 40 kg/667m~2+0.2%Fe,40 kg/667m~2+0.3%Zn,40 kg/667m~2+0.4%Ca（treatments 7-9）;The experiment of adding potassium fertilizer and mixed fertilizer to soil were set 40 kg/667m~2+low mixed fertilizer,40kg/667m~2+middle mixed fertilizer,and 40 kg/667m~2+high mixed fertilizer（treatment10-12）,the soil application amount of low,middle and high mixed fertilizer（Fe,Zn,Ca）were calculated from the leaf spray volume and fertilizer concentration of treatment 4-6.Among them,potassium fertilizer was potassium sulfate and was applied at 2:5:3 before flowering,fruiting and coloring periods respectively;Iron fertilizer was Fe SO₄and was sprayed or soil applied for once at before flowering,after flowering,and strong fruiting stage,respectively;zinc fertilizer was Zn SO₄and was respectively sprayed or soil applied for once at before and after flowering;Calcium fertilizer was Ca（NO₃）₂and was sprayed or soil applied for once at the strong fruit and coloring periods,respectively.During this period,the new shoot length,new shoot diameter,leaf area and chlorophyll content of grapes were measured at the late flowering period,strong fruiting period,coloring period and harvesting period.And soil samples of 4 period were collected to measure its soil bulk density,porosity,p H,salt content,organic matter,available N,available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,available Fe,available Mn,available Zn,available Cu.After the fruit was harvested,the grape yields of the experimental sites in each group were counted.And the single panicle weight,panicle shape,single fruit weight,fruit shape index,hardness,water content,titratable acid,Soluble solids,Vc,soluble sugar,soluble protein of each group experimental grapes,commercially available grapes and control grapes were measured.The results showed that:1.The significant differences of growth of Muscat Hamburg grape existed between different treatments.The comprehensive growth of treatment 3 was higher than treatment 1and treatment 2;The comprehensive growth of treatment 7 was higher than treatment 8 and treatment 9;The comprehensive growth of treatment 10 was higher than treatment 11 and treatment 12.In addition,the total length of new shoots and the total chlorophyll content of treatment 3,treatment 4 and treatment 7 were significantly higher than those of CK,but there was no difference between the total diameter of new shoots,mature leaf area and CK.The total length of new shoots,mature leaf area and total chlorophyll content of treatment 10 were significantly higher than those of CK,but there was no difference between the total diameter of new shoots and CK.According to comprehensive analysis,the comprehensive growth of treatment 10 with 40 kg/667m~2of high potassium fertilizer and low mixed fertilizer in soil was the highest.2.The significant differences of the yield and fruit quality of Muscat Hamburg grape existed between different treatments.The yield of treatment 2,treatment 5,treatment 9 and treatment 11 were significantly higher than that of CK.The yield relationship between treatments was treatment 5>treatment 11>treatment 2>treatment 9.Comprehensive analysis of membership function showed that the quality of treatment 2,treatment 5,treatment 7 and treatment 11 was better than others.Among them,single panicle weight,panicl shape,fruit shape index,water content,Vc,soluble protein of treatment 2 were significantly higher than those of CK;The single panicle weight,water content,Vc,titratable acid,soluble sugar,soluble protein of treatment 5 were significantly higher than those of CK;The single panicle weight and soluble sugar of treatment 7 were significantly higher than those of CK;The single panicle weight,fruit shape index,hardness,and soluble protein content of treatment 11were significantly higher than those of CK.Considering that sugar was more important for grape quality,the comprehensive quality relationship between treatments were treatment 5>treatment 7>treatment 2>treatment 11.Therefore,comprehensive analysis showed that treatment 5,which used 40 kg/667m~2of high-potassium fertilizer and foliar spray of 0.2%Fe,0.4%Ca,and 0.3%Zn mixed fertilizer was the best one to improve the yield and quality.3.The significant differences of the physical and chemical properties of Muscat Hamburg grape soil existed between different treatments.In the same soil layer,the bulk density,p H,and salt content of treatment 2 in different periods are significantly lower than those of CK,but its organic matter,available N,available K,exchangeable Ca,and effective Fe content are significantly higher than those of CK;The bulk density,p H,and salt content of treatment 5 in different periods were significantly lower than those of CK,but its the contents of available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,and effective Zn were significantly higher than those of CK;the p H of treatment 7 in different periods was significantly lower than CK,but its organic matter,available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,effective Mn were significantly higher than those of CK;the bulk density,p H,and salt content of treatment 9 in different periods were significantly lower than those of CK,but its available P The contents of K and exchangeable Mg were significantly higher than those of CK.The bulk density and salt content of treatment 10 in different periods were significantly lower than those of CK,but its available N,available P,exchangeable Mg,effective Mn,effective Zn,effective Cu were significantly higher than those of CK;the bulk density and salt content of treatment 11 in different periods were significantly lower than those of CK,but its organic matter,available N,available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,effective Mn,effective Zn,and effective Cu were significantly higher than those of CK.Considering that organic matter,N,P,K were more important for plants.Therefore,comprehensive analysis showed that treatment 11with soil application of 40kg/667m~2of high-potassium fertilizer and middle fertilizer had the best effect on soil improvement based on growth,yield and quality improvement.4.Correlation of yield and fruit quality with integrated growth and soil nutrition.When high-potassium fertilizer was applied in soil,the yield of muscat hamburg grape had a negative correlation with its comprehensive growth,soil available Mn and exchangeable Mg,a positive correlation with grape single panicle weight,soil organic matter,exchangeable Ca,available K,and effective Fe.There was a negative correlation between comprehensive growth and single panicle weight.The comprehensive fruit quality was positively correlated with soil organic matter,salt content,exchangeable Ca,and effective Fe,and negatively correlated with available P and p H.Grape titratable acid,water content,soluble protein were positively correlated with salt content,organic matter,and effective Fe,and negatively correlated with p H and available P;soluble sugar had a positive correlation with p H,?available P,a negative correlation with salt content,organic matter,available Fe;panicle shape was positively correlated with organic matter,negatively correlated with p H and available P;single panicle weight had a positive correlation with exchangeable Ca;Vc and fruit shape index were negatively correlated with p H.It showed that under the condition of sufficient potassium fertilizer,excessive growth of Muscat hamburg grapes could reduce yield,while excessive yield would inhibit growth.Therefore,growth should be properly controlled in production to implement fixed production and fixed income.In addition,adding organic fertilizer under this fertilization scheme to improve soil organic matter,exchangeable Ca,and effective Fe could promote grape yield and quality again.At the same time,the increase of soil available P could also increase the sugar content of grapes.Under the application of high potassium in the soil and foliar application of Fe,Zn,and Ca mixed fertilizers,the yield of Muscat Hamburg grapes was not correlated with its comprehensive growth,and had a positive correlation with water content and titratable acid content,a negatively correlation with soil available N,salt content,organic matter,and effective Cu.The comprehensive growth of muscat hamburg was positively correlated with soluble protein and soluble sugar,but not related to other qualities.The comprehensive quality of grapes was negatively correlated with the available N.Grape soluble solids,single fruit weight were positively correlated with available N,salt content;hardness had a positive correlation with available K,exchangeable Ca,and salt content;water content was negatively related to available N,available K,exchangeable Ca,and salt;the titratable acid and Vc had a negative correlation with available N;soluble sugar and soluble protein were negatively correlated with available K and exchangeable Ca.It showed that under sufficient potassium fertilizer and foliar application of Fe,Zn,and Ca,the organic substance synthesized by the leaves of the tree body could be increased,which could simultaneously meet growing needs of yield and comprehensive growth,reducing the competition between them.At the same time,under this fertilization scheme,the comprehensive quality of grapes could be improved by controlling the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.When high potassium and Fe,Zn,Ca mixed fertilizers were applied in soil,the yield of muscat hamburg grapes was not related to its comprehensive growth.and it had a positive correlation with single ear weight,soil organic matter,available Cu,available K,exchangeable Ca,and available Fe,a negative correlation with soil exchangeability Mg.The comprehensive growth of muscat hamburg was not related to fruit quality.The comprehensive quality of grapes was positively correlated with soil available N,exchangeable Ca,and available Fe,and was negatively related to p H,salt content,available P,and exchangeable Mg.In addition,grape titratable acid had a positive correlation withsoil available N,and a negative correlation with p H,available N P,and salt content;Vc had a positive correlation with available N,exchangeable Ca,and a negative correlation with salt content;Soluble solids was positively correlated with available N,but was negatively correlated with p H;panicle shape had a positive correlation with available N,a negative correlation with p H and available P;fruit shape index had a positively correlated with available P,a negative correlation with exchangeable Ca;There was a positive correlation between soluble Sugar and available Fe;soluble protein was positively correlated with available Fe and exchangeable Ca,but soluble sugar,soluble protein,single panicle weight were negatively correlated with exchangeable Mg.Hardness was positively correlated with available N,but was negatively correlated with salt content and available P.It showed that when potassium fertilizer was sufficient,Fe,Zn and Ca were applied in soil could decrease the nutrition competition between grape tree growth and fruit quality.And available N,exchangeable Ca,effective Fe added to the soil could increase the comprehensive quality of the fruit.In a word,the comprehensive growth of treatment 10 with 40 kg/667m~2of high potassium fertilizer and 0.1%Fe,Ca,Zn mixed fertilizer in soil was the highest,whose bulk density and salt content in different periods were significantly lower than CK,but its available N,available P,exchangeable Mg,effective Mn,effective Zn,effective Cu were significantly higher than CK.The treatment 5,which used 40 kg/667m~2of high-potassium fertilizer and foliar spray of 0.2%Fe,0.4%Ca,and 0.3%Zn mixed fertilizer was the best one to improve the yield and quality,whose bulk density,p H,and salt content in different periods were significantly lower than CK,but its the contents of available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,and effective Zn were significantly higher than CK.Treatment 11with soil application of 40kg/667m~2of high-potassium fertilizer and middle fertilizer had the best effect on soil improvement,whose the bulk density and salt content in different periods were significantly lower than CK,but its organic matter,available N,available P,available K,exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg,effective Mn,effective Zn,and effective Cu were significantly higher than CK.