Study On The Lexicon Of Kongzi Jiayu

Kongzi Jiayu or Kongshi Jiayu,as a comprehensive collection of anecdotes and quotations of Confucius and his disciples,as well as the many speeches of the chancellor at that time.In its nature of quotations,the language used is colloquial and comprehensible.Kongzi Jiayu are rich in content and comparably linguistic valuable.It covers many themes such as politics 、self-developing 、 sacrificial rites,and regulation rules.This study is aimed at discussing the linguistic lexical characteristics of Kongzi Jiayu by sorting、describing and classify the content word and the language usage systems within,then compare its language uses with other similar representative ancient book studies to pre-Qin periods such as the lexical studies of Zuo Zhuan、Yanzi Chunqiu、Lv Shi Chunqiu and Xunzi.In this base,this study is also aimed to propose a reasonable speculation of booking time of Kongzi Jiayu.Wishing to make a small contribution to the study of the historical linguistic of Chinese.In addition to the introduction and ending,this study is divided into five chapters as follows:The introduction introduces this research topic’s background,including the topic selection,the editing version of Kongzi Jiayu applied in this study,current research status and trend,goals,and methods.Chapter One: The study of the monosyllabic word in Kongzi Jiayu.In statistics,1712 monosyllabic words in total were found in Kongzi Jiayu.Nouns,verbs,and adjective that in high frequent was selected by us and analyzed based on their semantic.Monosyllabic words account for 45.5% of total content words,most of which are polysemous.Monosyllabic uses reflect what social and life are like at that time in a comprehensive degree,occupies a vital position in vocabulary usage.Nouns,verbs,and adjectives account central part of vocabulary usage,especially verb,it takes 47.2% of total word number,shows that vocabulary usage of Kongzi Jiayu has developed to a pretty mature stage.Chapter Two: The study of polysyllabic in Kongzi Jiayu.In statistics,2056 polysyllabic words in total were found in Kongzi Jiayu.We have made a detailed analysis of the morphological structure and lexical characteristics of polyphonic words.With a large number of54.6% of total words,polysyllabic words are relatively dominant.Most polysyllabic words are monosemy.However,some polysemous and synonym were also found.Grammatical word formation is the primary means to form polysyllabic words.The formation methods of the compound,modifying compound,predicate object and subject have also used,among which modifying compound formation is at the most mature stage.The modifying compound takes42.1 % of total grammatical word-formation.This indicates an accuracy enhance in verbal expression of Kongzi Jiayu.However,the lexical characteristic and structure of polysyllabic words are still not fixed.Some polysyllabic words have varied word order,showing a trace of transition from monosyllabic to polysyllabic of Chinese vocabulary.Chapter Three: The studies of synonym in Kongzi Jiayu.We analyze and give examples of distinguishing features and rhetorical functions of synonyms in Kongzi Jiayu.The most significant difference is in the semantic level,then is in the pragmatic level,and the last in the grammatical level.The characteristics of synonyms can be roughly divided into two parts.One is the linguistic characteristics,such as enhancing the clarity of meaning,avoiding repetition and enhancing rhythm.The other is cultural,such as reflecting the author’s subjective attitude,reflecting class ethics and culture,and revealing the development of social history.Compared with the former,the implicit value of the latter can give us a better glimpse of the social life under the lexical appearance of that era.Chapter Four: The study of antonyms Kongzi Jiayu.In statistics,278 groups of antonyms in total were found in Kongzi Jiayu.We have made exhaustive statistics and analysis of syllables and parts of speech of the antonyms of them.The antonyms in Kongzi Jiayu are mainly monosyllabic antonyms,however,the number of disyllabic antonyms is also significantly increased than other ancient books,and the sememe of those antonyms are more complex as well.The corresponding relationship of antonym groups is mainly the single bilateral opposite.Meanwhile,due to the meaning extension,multi-meaning,and synonyms,antonyms have formed complex aggregation relationships with other words(sememes).This relationship also reflects the complexity of the meaning expression system in the Kongzi Jiayu.Naturally,limited to the specific vocabulary usages within this book,some antonym groups are entirely opposite in meanings while others are only partially opposite with a certain opposite tendency.The dependency of antonym to context in this book indicates an unstable antonym system.Chapter Five: The study of the word meaning of Kongzi Jiayu.We described the word meaning of Kongzi Jiayu in detail.Examples are given and analyzed of original meaning and extended meaning and the evolution of the meaning of monosemy and polysemy words in Kongzi Jiayu.The language usage of Kongzi Jiayu fully proves that the long history of word meaning evolution and also the people’s understanding,cognition of the word meaning at that period.Especially the polysyllabic that first shows in this book are a vital part of Chinese vocabulary enriching.Studies of Kongzi Jiayu ’ word meaning provide helpful evidence for the in-depth,comprehensive study of ancient Chinese meaning system,rule,and evolution.