Research On The Counterfactual Functional Words And Counterfactual Conditionals In Modern Chinese

Counterfactual expression refers to the use of different grammatical means to express a meaning that is contrary to the fact.Starting from the relationship between subjective knowledge and objective facts,this thesis discusses the "counterfactual functional words" and "counterfactual conditionals" in the Modern Chinese counterfactual expression.The thesis mainly analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of the two expressions and summarizes its overall features and value functions.The thesis is divided into four parts: the first part defines the counterfactual functional words,analyzes the types of it and the grammatical conditions of the counterfactual semantics,and finally summarizes the rules.The second part studies the types of the conditional sentence,including the true and false conditions of its antonyms,the common constructions and the factors affecting the formation of the conditional sentence.The third part summarizes the overall characteristics of the expression.The fourth part elaborates the value function of this expression.The following conclusions are drawn through the research:First,in terms of counterfactual functional words,collected 50 counterfactual functional words and according to the function divided them into six types,including the class of pretend,class of wish unfulfilled,class of distortion the truth,class of negative cognition,class of close to the fact and class of against common sense or planning.Major categories and subdivided into a number of small classes,all kinds of counterfactual functional words formed with different syntax and semantic conditions.Secondly,in terms of the counterfactual Conditionals,they are divided into two types:virtual counterfactual conditionals and true counterfactual Conditionals.The truth or falsehood of contents in the preceding sentences or the following sentences are complicated and different cases highlight different emphases of semantic.There are three common constructions which are applicable to most of the counterfactual conditionals.The factors that affect the formation of the converse clause include context,time indicators,negation and modal words,and all these factors appear together to affect the formation of the counterfactual conditionals.Thirdly,the expression of counterfactual has four distinct characteristics including sentences contain negative meaning,the expression has subjective tendency,convey the emotion colors,and the expression of Counterfactual is grammaticalized.These characteristics can be seen in both types of counterfactual expression.Fourthly,the counterfactual expression has the function of linguistic expression,cognitive function and emotional expression,which has the guiding significance for people’s behavioral decision-making,and reduce mistakes and improve the accuracy and feasibility of decision-making.This thesis discusses two typical expressions of converse in modern Chinese according to the aspects of meaning conditions,semantic features and value functions.Hoping to help understand the meaning of converse,enrich the research results of converse,expand the scope of converse research and provide reference value for other scholars to study this topic.