The Education Of All:A Study Of Compulsory Education In Hebei Province During The Republic Of China(1928-1937)

The implementation system of modern compulsory education and its basic content are important issues in the field of modern Chinese history.For a long time,the study of education history has focused on the overall study of the macro or secondary and higher education,thus ignoring the local study of basic education in a certain period to a certain extent.In the process of modernization of Chinese society,education has also undergone a historic transformation from tradition to modernity.The collapse of the traditional education system has given opportunities for the growth of new-style education.In modern times,Hebei(Zhili)was very special.Before the establishment of the Nanjing National Government,it was close to Kyoto,and the scope and extent of the new-style education was among the best in all provinces in the country.However,as the Nanjing Nationalist Government set the capital of Nanjing,the political center moved south,and Zhili changed its name to Hebei,and its political and military status also changed.However,the continuity of history and the inertia of social evolution have made it easier for Hebei in modern times to build a relatively complete and basically reasonable compulsory education implementation system and procedures on the basis of inheriting the foundations of the past.In the past ten years from 1928 to 1937,Hebei Province,in accordance with the successive laws and regulations issued by the central government,basically constructed a compulsory education administration system from the province to the county,as well as funding and teacher guarantee systems,which initially realized the popularization of compulsory education in Hebei..But it is worth noting that perhaps all the seemingly noisy and turbulent social changes in history are always quickly obliterated by the inertia of the continuation of tradition in the real world.The Nanjing National Government adopted "enforce compulsory education" as its slogan echoing its era of reforming politics,but the massive educational reforms can hardly conceal the realistic choices hidden between the lines.Neither the Nationalist Government nor the Hebei Provincial Government can escape the inherent constraints of the logic of historical evolution.Modern regimes have implemented compulsory education with modern characteristics in modern Chinese society that has not yet completed the modernization transformation.The implementation process and effects have long been limited by objectively existing social conditions,the bias of regime ruling interests and the tendency of social resource allocation.The administrative management system and guarantee system of Hebei compulsory education in modern times are faced with many difficulties and defects.However,it is undeniable that modern Hebei compulsory education,which is based on popularization,not only achieved a certain degree of increase in the proportion of basic education promoted to individuals,but also provided historical reference for the development of today’s compulsory education in a certain sense.