Rice Yield And Rice Quality Under 24-year Organic-inorganic Combined Application

It is an important issue in national social development to ensure the production safety of rice and other food crops and to reasonably coordinate the contradiction between increasing grain production and improving quality and increasing population.Fertilization is one of the effective methods to increase crop yield and income.Excessive application of chemical fertilizers resulted in the decline of fertilizer utilization rate,low soil quality and low fertilizer yield effect,which seriously affected the sustainable development of agriculture in the yellow paddy soil area.Therefore,it was urgent to adopt reasonable fertilization measures to ensure the safety of food production.A long-term test station with yellow soil fertility and fertilizer effect of this research as a platform,selection of different fertilizer treatments(CK,NPK,1/4M+3/4 NP,1/2 M+1/2 NP,M,MNPK),monitoring at different period of rice stem tillers dynamics,earing rate,leaf SPAD values and leaf area index,growth index,and analyze the rice dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient accumulation and transportation,thus different fertilization pattern on rice growth potential,study the influence of yield and quality,clear the best fertilization measures,to realize the goal of fertilizer use zero growth and food production safety is of great significance.The main research results are as follows:(1)Compared with no fertilization(CK),the highest tiller number increased by42.86%?98.29%in the treatments applying organic fertilizer(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK).Compared with fertilizer application(NPK)alone,the grain yield increased by 1.33?7.38percentage points.The leaf area index(LAI)of rice under different treatments increased at first and then decreased during the whole growth period,and MNPK,1/4M+3/4NP reached the peak value at booting stage(9.81?9.94).From seedling stage to maturity,SPAD values of rice leaves under different fertilization treatments(NPK,1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK)were all higher than those under no fertilization(CK),and the maximum increase range was30.91%?128.61%at maturity stage compared with that under no fertilization(CK).The correlation coefficient between effective panicle number and yield of rice reached 0.937**.Compared with chemical fertilizer(NPK),the effective panicle number of organic-inorganic fertilizer combined with MNPK and 1/4M+3/4NP increased by 18.50%,14.17%,12.42%and2.04%,respectively,and the yield of rice was in order from the highest to the lowest:.MNPK>1/4M+3/4NP>NPK>1/2M+1/2NP>M>CK.(2)Compared with NPK treatment,MNPK and 1/4M+3/4NP treatment increased shoot dry matter accumulation by 22.94%and 8.62%,respectively,in rice maturity stage.The contribution rate of dry matter accumulation to grain of organic fertilizer treatments(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK)after anthesis was 55.35%?65.40%,which was 1.48?15.23 percentage points higher than that of CK(53.87%)and NPK(50.17%).At the mature stage of rice,the dry matter mass of vegetative organs in different treatments ranged from 30.02%to 38.28%,which was lower than that of grains(60.54%to 67.06%),and the proportion of grains in different treatments was in the following orderr:MNPK>1/4M+3/4NP>M>1/2M+1/2NP>NPK>CK.(3)The N nutrient accumulation in rice grains under different treatments was 43.09?161.61kg/hm~2,and the N nutrient accumulation in straw was 15.21?49.59 kg/hm~2.Compared with NPK treatment,the N nutrient accumulation of straw and grain increased by 21.14%?21.39%and19.77%?29.99%respectively under the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers(1/4M+3/4NP and MNPK).The processing of organic(1/4 M+3/4 NP,M,MNPK)before flower,the contribution rate of N element transfer capacity on grain(80.43%?84.60%)was higher than CK(74.29%)and NPK treatment(72.01%),6.14?12.59%,1/4 M+3/4 NP treatment of nitrogen partial productivity,nitrogen harvest index were significantly higher than that of single fertilizer NPK),increased by 16.42%and 7.13%,respectively,MNPK processing a single fertilizer NPK fertilizer utilization ratio by 32.98%.(4)The P nutrient accumulation in rice and straw was 7.28?26.13 kg/hm~2and 0.71?5.79kg/hm~2respectively at the maturity stage.MNPK treatment had the highest P nutrient accumulation in straw and grain,followed by 1/4M+3/4NP treatment.Compared with NPK treatment,the P nutrient accumulation in straw and grain increased by 20.02%?135.93%and46.00%?67.79%respectively.The contribution rate(75.14%?93.40%)of P transport amount before anthesis in organic manure treatments(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK)to grain was 4.58-28.67 percentage points higher than that in CK(64.73%)and NPK(70.56%).Except for MNPK,application of organic fertilizer(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M)increased P harvest index and P partial productivity by 1.32?4.23 percentage points and 8.49%?21.08%,respectively,compared with application of chemical fertilizer(NPK).Compared with NPK treatment,MNPK treatment reduced the utilization rate of P fertilizer by 31.69%.(5)Compared with no fertilization,the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK)increased the brown rice rate by 0.08%?0.68%,the mutilated rice rate by 0.42%,and the mutilated rice rate by 6.63%?48.78%.Compared with NPK,the chalkiness of rice under 1/4M+3/4NP treatment decreased by 25.89%.Compared with chemical fertilizer(NPK),organic fertilizer(1/4M+3/4NP,1/2M+1/2NP,M,MNPK)reduced amylose content by 0.12%?4.56%and increased alkali-loss value by 2.25%?7.07%.Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the contents of 17 kinds of amino acids in rice grains,and the highest content of glutamate in rice grains was 7384?10890 mg/kg.The lowest cystine content was 500?541 mg/kg,and the highest total amino acid content was found in the treatment of 1/4M+3/4NP among different treatments.