Distribution Characteristics And Interface Behavior Of Synthetic Musk In Dry And Wet Seasons In The Yellow Sea,East China Sea And Antarctic Great Wall Station

Synthetic musks（SMs）are widely used in various care products as a substitute for natural musks.Due to their potential bioaccumulation,lipophilicity and persistence,they have become ubiquitous pollutants in the environment on a global scale.It is of great significance to study the terrestrial input and distribution behavior of SMs in aquatic environments and remote areas and their fate in the environment.SMs have endocrine disrupting effects,which can affect the normal function of biological hormones.Moreover,SMs are highly volatile and can be transmitted to remote areas over long distances.In this study,146 seawater and 146 sediment samples were collected from 73 stations in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during wet and dry seasons in China,and 16 sediment and soil samples were collected near the Great Wall station in Antarctica for the determination of four SMs:Galaxolide（HHCB）,Tonalide（AHTN）,Musk xylene（MX）and Musk ketone（MK）.This study provides rich basic data for clarifying the pollution status,diffusion behavior and ecological risks of SMs in the Yellow sea and East China Sea and Antarctic regions.The specific research contents and results include the following aspects:（1）Distribution of SMs in the seawater and sediments of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in wet and dry seasons.Among all seawater samples in wet and dry seasons,only AHTN was detected,and the detection rates were 17.8%and 10.6%,respectively.HHCB,MX and MK were not detected.HHCB and AHTN were detected in the sediments,and the total concentrations of SMs in the wet season ranged from 1.4 to 36.6 ng/g dry weight（dw）,and the total concentrations of SMs in the dry season ranged from 1.0 to 14.1ng/g dw.In sediment samples,the detection rates of HHCB in wet and dry seasons were36%and 100%,respectively,and the detection rates of AHTN in wet and dry seasons were46.7%and 66.7%,respectively.In wet season and dry season sediments,detectable concentrations of HHCB were 1.0～9.0 ng/g dw and 1.0～5.4 ng/g dw,and AHTN concentrations were 1.4～32.8 ng/g dw and 1.1～12.7 ng/g dw,respectively.Overall,seawater and sediment concentrations are moderate worldwide.The concentration of AHTN in seawater in the wet season was significantly higher than that in the dry season,and the concentration of SMs in the sediments of some coastal areas was also higher in the wet season than in the dry season.The increase in the use of personal care products in the wet season was the main reason for the high concentration.（2）The fugacity analysis of SMs in the Yellow sea and East China Sea.The calculated values of lg K_oc（organic carbon partition coefficient）in wet and dry seasons were 5.57～7.31and 5.39～7.13,respectively,which were higher than the lg K_oc of other rivers.During the distribution process,hydrophobic organic pollutants with lower water solubility and higher K_oc values are easily adsorbed by sediments,so SMs are more easily adsorbed in sediments in marine ecosystems.By calculating the fugacity values of AHTN in seawater and sediments,the transport direction of pollutants between seawater and sediments can be determined.0.2～0.8 indicates that ff（fugacity）is in equilibrium,ff>0.8 indicates that pollutants tend to diffuse from sediment to seawater,and ff<0.2 indicates that pollutants tend to diffuse from seawater to sediments.The ff value in this study ranged from 0.17 to0.94.AHTN showed a tendency to spread from sediment to seawater in the Yellow Sea,or was in an equilibrium state,while there was no obvious spreading trend in the East China Sea.（3）Source analysis of SMs in the Yellow sea and East China Sea.Concentrations in water bodies and sediments did not correlate significantly with distance from shore,but showed higher concentrations in some coastal areas.Wastewater from sewage treatment plants into rivers led to increased concentrations of SMs along the coast of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.The total concentration of SMs（?SMs）in both seawater and sediments was significantly correlated with temperature,indicating that temperature has a greater impact on the concentration of SMs.?SMs in sediments were significantly associated with TOC.HHCB and AHTN in the sediments also showed obvious correlations and may have the same origin.The ratio of HHCB/AHTN was at a lower level than that of other rivers,which may be related to the differences in the consumption of SMs in different countries.（4）Ecological risk assessment of SMs in the Yellow sea and East China Sea.The Hazard quotients（HQ）of HHCB and AHTN in seawater and sediments were both less than0.1,indicating their low ecological risk.Risk assessment of fish,daphnia and algae in seawater found that the risk to fish,a higher organism,was greater.Risk assessment of midges,amphibians and worms in sediments found little difference in the ecological risk values of these three organisms.（5）The detection rate of HHCB in Antarctic sediments and soils was 87.50%,the concentration ranged from ND to 18.35 ng/g dw,with an average value of 4.56 ng/g dw;the detection rate of AHTN was 81.25%,and the concentration range was ND～21.47 ng/g dw,mean 6.41 ng/g dw,MX and MK were not detected.The soil samples sampled near the Great Wall Station in Antarctica and the soil samples near the Russian Station garbage disposal plant showed higher concentrations.The use of daily necessities by Antarctic expedition personnel was the main reason for the higher concentrations at these two sites.The site with the highest concentration was located in the dung on the top of Penguin Island.It can be seen that SMs can accumulate in penguins and be excreted through feces,but other sources such as atmospheric deposition cannot be ruled out.The concentrations of AHTN were higher than those of HHCB in the samples from the sewage outlet and the waste treatment plant,except that the concentration of HHCB was higher than that of AHTN.Studies have shown that AHTN exhibits higher long-distance transmission capacity than HHCB,indicating that atmospheric deposition is the main source of SMs in the Antarctic region.Risk assessment of midges larvae,amphibians,worms in sediments,earthworms and fleas in soil showed that the HQ of AHTN and HHCB were both less than 0.1,which theoretically had little impact on the Antarctic ecological environment.