The Effects Of Environment-drvien Migration On Cooperation In Evolutionary Public Goods Game

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution,rational individuals become selfish and choose to abandon altruistic behavior for their own survival and reproduction,thus making cooperation in groups unattainable.However,cooperative behavior is prevalent in both nature and human society,which is contradictory to Darwin’s theory.How cooperation emerges and is maintained in selfish groups has attracted the attention of researchers from a variety of research fields,including physics,biology,sociology,and economics,and cooperative evolution has been widely studied as a result.Typically,research on cooperative evolution has been conducted within the theoretical framework of evolutionary game theory.In order to better understand cooperative behavior,many mechanisms have been proposed to promote cooperative evolution,and individual migration behavior is one of them.A large body of research has shown that migration can effectively promote group cooperation within the framework of evolutionary game theory.Individuals may make the decision to migrate based on a variety of information,such as the individual’s current benefits,the potential advantages of the destination and the individual’s own willingness to migrate.In addition,the external environment is also an important factor driving individuals to migrate.Most previous studies have assumed that individuals can only perceive information from their local environment and have not considered the possibility that information outside the local environment can be captured by individuals.In fact,there are ways in which organisms may learn information about the global environment and the local environment and be able to compare these two types of information before making a decision to migrate.In this paper,we introduce an environment-driven migration into evolutionary public goods games which are carried out on a two-dimensional plane,where individuals decide whether to migrate according to the probabilities determined by the differences between the local and global cooperative environments.We use the proportion of cooperators in an individual’s neighbourhood to measure the cooperative environment around the individual.The proportion of cooperators in the whole group is then used to characterize the global cooperative environment.We find that such an environment-driven migration can effectively enhance cooperation.Furthermore,there exists an optimal migration noise that leads to a highest cooperation level.In addition,we also find that appropriate moving speeds and migration tendencies,as well as relatively low population densities in the model are more favorable to the evolution of cooperation.