Relationship Between Bird Diversity And Spatiotemporal Changes Of Habitats In Shapotou National Nature Reserve Of Zhongwei,Ningxia

Natural reserves play an important role in biodiversity conservation,and changes in regional landscape patterns have a significant impact on energy flow and material circulation within the region.Birds are an important component of the ecosystem and respond quickly to changes in the ecological environment.Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei,Ningxia is located at the southeast edge of Tengger Desert,with the climate characteristics of sandstorm,drought and little rain.The landscape pattern in this region is vulnerable to the dual impacts of natural climate and human actions,and the ecosystem is relatively fragile.Therefore,studying the impact of spatiotemporal changes in landscape pattern of Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei,Ningxia on bird distribution and diversity is of great significance for bird habitat protection.This article takes birds as the research object,sets up 11 sample lines in the Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei,Ningxia,and conducts seasonal surveys from August 2021 to November 2022 to analyze the diversity of bird communities;Based on the bird diversity data in the three phases of the scientific research reports of the Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei,Ningxia,and based on satellite remote sensing images of the same period,the landscape pattern index method is used to obtain the characteristics of landscape elements,and the relationship between bird community structure and G-F diversity and landscape elements is analyzed;Using climate,vegetation,landscape,human disturbance,and bird distribution data,the MAXENT model was used to analyze suitable habitats for protected bird species.The main results and conclusions of this study are as follows:1.This survey recorded a total of 19 orders,46 families,and 168 species of birds.Based on the data from the three phases of the scientific research reports,a total of 216 species of birds in 52 families,20 orders were recorded.There are 6 species in Grade I and 33 species in Grade II of the National Key Protected Wildlife List,1 species in Endangered(EN),4 species in Near Threatened(NT)and 5 species in Vulnerable(VU)of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species(IUCN).Bird resident types is 50 species of resident(23.15%),74 species of summer visitors(34.26%),13 species of winter visitors(6.02%),79 species of passage migrants(36.57%);The avifauna composition is mainly composed of the Palaearctic species(140 species);The geographical composition of the species has 12 distribution patterns,mainly consisting of the Palaearctic Type(29.63%),Holarctic Type(14.35%),Central Asian Type(10.18%),Northeast Type(11.11%),and Oriental Type(8.80%).The ecological types are Natatores(14.82%),Wader(20.37%),Raptor(9.72%),Scansores(6.02%),Landfowl(5.09%),and Finch(46.98%).2.Abundance,Shannon Wiener diversity index(H’)and Simpson dominance index(D)Tenggelihu sample line is the highest,abundance Xiaohu sample line is the highest,and Pielou evenness index(E)Yiwanquan sample line 2 is the highest.The Shannon Wiener diversity index(H’)in spring,summer,and winter is the highest in the Tenggelihu sample line,and the highest in the autumn Zhishazhongxin sample line.The analysis of the relationship between bird community structure and landscape pattern in different seasons shows that except for summer,the bird community structure is positively correlated with the proportion of PLAND-Wetland.The proportion of PLAND-Artificial in autumn and winter has a significant impact on the bird community structure,while the other indicators differ in different seasons.3.The analysis of the relationship between temporal and spatial changes in bird G-F diversity and landscape patterns shows that Natators,Wader,and Landfowl are mainly distributed in wetland landscapes,and are most affected by the wetland landscape DIVISION.Artificial landscapes are also one of the main landscapes in which Landfowl are distributed;Raptor is mainly distributed in woodland and grassland landscapes,and is affected by the combination of the LPI and the PARA-MN;Finch are mainly distributed in woodland,grassland,and desert and semidesert landscapes,and are greatly affected by the LPI,PLAND,and COHESION.All habitat types of birds,except for Scansors,exhibit certain habitat preferences,and are significantly affected by the landscape pattern of the habitat.4.The analysis of suitable habitats for protected bird species in different seasons shows that there are differences in environmental factors that affect the distribution of protected bird species in different seasons,mainly influenced by landscape and human disturbance.High suitability differentiation is mainly distributed in wetlands such as Xiaohu and TengGelihu and their surrounding areas,as well as areas with abundant types of ChangLiushui habitats.