Study On The Interactive Relationship Between TOD Built Environment And Passenger Flow Of Chongqing Rail Transit Station

Urban rail transit is a core component of urban infrastructure construction and a key green and low-carbon transportation infrastructure.It actively promotes low-carbon travel and accelerates the construction of a fast and efficient public transportation network based on urban rail transit,which is of great significance for achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,accelerating the construction of a transportation power,and creating livable,resilient,and smart cities.However,urban rail transit often faces challenges such as high investment costs and difficulties in achieving social profitability.Transit-oriented development(TOD)can effectively increase passenger flow revenue and land development revenue by promoting positive interactions between rail transit stations and their surrounding areas,thus achieving the financial self-sufficiency of urban rail transit.Exploring the interaction between the TOD built environment in urban rail transit station areas and passenger flow can effectively assess the integration level between station passenger flows and the TOD built environment in Chongqing’s current urban rail transit planning,which provides a scientific basis for adjusting existing plans and formulating future plans for relevant planning departments.Firstly,this study examined the spatiotemporal variation patterns of urban rail transit passenger flows in Chongqing from multiple time and space scales.Then,with the support of multi-source data,it constructed an evaluation index system for the TOD built environment in rail transit station areas based on the "5D+N" principle of TOD.The study integrated the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-entropy weight method and the extenics cloud model to evaluate the level of the TOD built environment in Chongqing’s urban rail transit station areas.Finally,by comparing the ordinary least squares model,the geographically weighted regression model,and the spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression model,the study analyzed the impact of the TOD built environment in Chongqing’s urban rail transit station areas on passenger flows,and employed a coupled coordination development model to explore the interaction between the two.The research findings indicate that:1.Analysis of multi-scale spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of rail transit passenger flow in ChongqingRegarding network-level and line-level passenger flow characteristics,they tend to be consistent.The passenger volume,passenger intensity,and peak hour factors on weekdays are significantly higher than those on weekends.The inflow and outflow passenger volumes exhibit double "peak" patterns.Regarding station-level passenger flow characteristics,both weekdays and weekends exhibit significant commuting characteristics in terms of station inflow and outflow passenger volumes.The top ten stations are mainly residential-oriented,employment-oriented,transport hub-oriented,and large commercial area-oriented.The mechanisms of passenger flow aggregation and dispersion on weekdays and weekends tend to be consistent.During the morning peak period,passenger flows rapidly aggregate from the periphery to the center,while during the evening peak and nighttime periods,they slowly disperse from the center to the periphery.The passenger flows during working hours mainly occur between the central areas of the city.To alleviate the pressure of peak hour passenger flows,improve public transportation service efficiency,optimizing rail transit train frequencies,enhancing bus connectivity services,and promoting green travel modes are necessary.(2)Evaluation of TOD built environment level in Chongqing rail transit station areaThe high-value areas of the TOD built environment level and its principle-level indicators are mainly concentrated along the rail transit loop,primarily within and around the loop.Approximately 84% of the TOD built environment in rail transit station areas is classified as level I to III,14% as level IV,and only about 2% as level V.There is still significant room for improvement in the TOD built environment level in Chongqing’s urban rail transit station areas.The distribution of population density,point of interest(POI)accessibility,the number of bus stops,and station importance level tends to be consistent,with approximately 77% to 92% classified as level I to III and about 6% to 16% as level IV,with only about 2% to 7% classified as level V.The distribution of land use mix and walkability index levels also tends to be consistent,with approximately 42% to 48% classified as level I to III,approximately 29% to 35%as level IV,and about 23% as level V.The TOD built environment levels and principle-level indicators vary among different stations.In future comprehensive TOD development in rail transit station areas,unified planning and coordination need to be achieved.(3)The impact of TOD construction environment factors in the rail transit station area on the station passenger flowThe coefficients of different explanatory variables show significant temporal and spatial variations,indicating temporal and spatial heterogeneity.In terms of the temporal dimension,the coefficients of population density,POI accessibility,the number of bus stops,and station importance are always greater than zero,indicating a positive promotion effect on station passenger flows.The coefficient of land use mix is always less than zero,indicating a negative inhibitory effect.The coefficient of the walkability index varies between positive and negative values,indicating both a positive promotion effect and a negative inhibitory effect on station passenger flows.In the spatial dimension,the effect of each explanatory variable on the inbound and outbound passenger flow of the station on weekdays and rest days shows a significant bipolar distribution feature,and the bipolar distribution feature is more significant on rest days than on weekdays.In the process of TOD comprehensive development in rail transit,the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the effects of various explanatory variables on station passenger flows should be considered comprehensively,as well as the interaction between these variables.This will help formulate more scientific and reasonable TOD development plans,improve station passenger flows,and promote urban sustainable development.(4)Analysis of the relationship between the TOD built environment level of the rail transit station domain and the coordinated development of station passenger flow couplingThe level of station passenger flows and the level of the TOD built environment in rail transit station areas exhibit a high degree of coupling,depending on each other and constraining each other.However,the coordination degree is relatively low,with few positive couplings.In terms of the coupling and coordination relationship,74.3% to86.4% of stations are in the antagonistic stage,13.6% to 24.6% are in the transitional stage,and 1% are in the coordinated stage.This indicates that the integration level between station passenger flows and the TOD built environment in Chongqing’s urban rail transit station areas is relatively low,and the relationship between the two needs further optimization.In terms of the relative development degree,79.6% to 88.5% of station passenger flows lag behind the TOD built environment level,5.8% to 8.9%develop synchronously,and 5.8% to 11.5% are ahead.This indicates that the growth rate of the passenger flow level of the station is generally slow,which cannot match the level of the built environment of TOD.In order to suggest the passenger flow level of the station,it is necessary to further explore the measures to improve the passenger flow level of the station,including strengthening the public transport connection within the station,improving the commercial,cultural,recreational and public space facilities within the station.