Study On The Spatial Layout Of Coastal Forts Defense System In Qing Dynasty

In 1644,the nomadic Aisinjuelo clan from Manchuria(Chinese northeastern provinces)moved south to the Central Plains and established the Qing Dynasty,the last feudal dynasty in China.While Western countries had gradually made the transition from feudalism to capitalism,the Qing government closed its doors and curbed the development of capitalism.The Qing Dynasty’s policy of sea defence was also characterized by passivity and conservatism.The defeat in the First Opium War made the Qing government realize the importance of maritime defence,and the idea of maritime defence changed from "emphasising the defence of the outgoing" to "emphasising the defence of the incoming",and the Qing court(as government of China)also began to build coastal defense forts on a large scale and establish a new type of navy.The coastal defense forts were the focus of the construction of the Qing Dynasty’s coastal defence colonies,and were the most basic part of the coastal defence system,directly facing foreign enemies.At present,research on the military settlements of coastal forts during the Qing dynasty has been fruitful,however,the state of current research is mostly qualitative and regional,lacking quantitative and systematic research.This paper takes the military colonies of coastal forts during the Qing Dynasty as the research object,and through the perspective of architecture,takes the methods of literature reading and field research,follows the research logic of macroscopic to mesoscopic to microscopic,and uses spatial analysis and statistical analysis to conduct a quantitative and systematic study on defensive characteristics of coastal forts.First,information on the construction time and geographical location of coastal forts during the Qing Dynasty was sorted out,and their spatial and temporal evolution were visualized and analyzed using the Arc GIS platform.Second,the factors influencing the construction of coastal forts and the defensibility of forts clusters are calculated using the research methods applicable to military settlements in mathematics and statistics.The third chapter analyzes the weight of each influencing factor in the construction of forts in terms of three dimensions: socio-economic factors,warfare factors and natural environmental factors.Chapter four mainly uses principal component analysis to quantify the defensive mechanism of coastal forts by selecting eight influencing factors under the three dimensions of individual defensive capability,coordinated defensive capability and jurisdictional control capability.Finally,the architectural characteristics of the fortress monoliths are analyzed at the micro level.This study improves the basic information of coastal fort military settlements in the Qing Dynasty,clarifies their development history,improves the objectivity and accuracy of the study of coastal defense military settlements,and quantifies the degree of correlation between the construction of coastal defense military settlements and the socio-economic as well as natural environment,with a view to providing new ideas for the study of traditional settlements.