| Apis cerana cerana Fabricius,belongs to the genus Apis of family Apidae(Insecta:Hymenoptera: Apocrita: Apoidea),is a subspecies of Apis cerana Fabricius.As one of the important bee media,the bee has the advantages of collecting sporadic nectar sources,low honey consumption,conducive to increasing agricultural production and quality and plays an important role in vegetation diversity and the balance of ecology.Two leguminous plants,Sophora davidii and Trifolium repens,can protect and improve soil quality and are widely used in Guizhou Province,China.But both of them belong to cross-pollination plants,which have special propagation systems and self-incompatibility characteristics,make their seed yield and quality very poor.So they need to be pollinated by external force(such as bee)to solve the problem.Therefore,the study here used to A.cerana cerana to pollinate the two leguminous plants,which the characteristics and rules of its flower visiting behavior,the interaction between the bee and the comprehensive characteristics of the flowers of the two leguminous plants were separately observed and explored,and the effect of pollination on the seed yield and quality of the two leguminous plants were also measured.The main results are as follows:(1)There are some regularity and differences in daily flower visiting behavior,and pollination efficiency of chinese bee on two leguminous plants.The flower-visiting behavior of chinese bee in the initial flowering period,the full flowering period and the flower withering period,is the most active in the full flowering period.The peak of single flower retention time in the initial flowering period,and the flower withering period is in the morning(8: 00,9: 00)and evening(18: 00).In the peak period of full flowering period,it is dramaticly different.The peak time of single flower detention of S.davidii is at noon(14: 00),while that of T.repens is at evening(18: 00).The peak times of transfer times,flower visiting rate and stigma touching times are all from 10: 00-15: 00 in the three flowering periods.Moreover,the transfer times,flower visiting rate and stigma touching times were all positively correlated with the single flower retention time(P < 0.01).The daily flower visiting rule of A.cerana cerana has a high attendance rate of 13: 00-16: 00 in three flowering periods of two leguminous plants,among which the rate of attendance in budding period is the highest.There are significant differences among in early bloom,full flowering period and the flower withering period(P < 0.05).In the complete flowering period the number of pod seeds pollinated by A.cerana cerana is notably higher than that of beeless pollination ones(P<0.05),which is the sequence of pod seeds in full flowering period > initial flowering period > flower withering period.(2)About relationships of A.cerana cerana and flowers of the two leguminous plants,there is a positive correlation between the comprehensive characteristics of flowers and the number of bee visited,and the optimum periods of the comprehensive characteristics are all in the full flowering.Pollen size,stigma activity,pollen activity,honey secretion and sugar content all reached their peak at full flowering period.Among the comprehensive characteristics of flowers,the length and width of corolla,the size of petals and the amount of honey secretion are all positively correlated with the number of bees visit flowers,while the filament length,pistil length,pollen activity and stigma activity are all positively correlated with the number of bees visit flowers(P < 0.01).(3)A.cerana cerana pollination is also able to shorten the development time of pollen growth and ovule number,while they improve the pollen growth and ovule number of two leguminous plants.Pollen quantity,germination rate,pollen tube growth and ovule number on pollinated stigma are higher than those on non-pollinated stigma.The number and condition of pollen quantity,germination rate,pollen tube growth in5d-6d and ovule number in 2d day of S.davidii on the stigma of A.cerana cerana after pollination are the best,and the time required for the optimum number and condition is shorter than that without pollination(pollen quantity 5d,germination rate and pollen tube growth 8d,ovule number 3d).Pollen amount and ovule number on the stigma of T.repens after pollination are the highest on the 4d,while the germination rate and pollen tube growth are the best on the 6d,in which the pollen amount is shorter than the best effect time without pollination(7d),however the ovule number is the opposite(4d),at the same time the germination rate and pollen tube growth keep unchanged(6d).(4)In the full flowering,A.cerana cerana pollination has a positive effect on the seed yield and quality of two leguminous plants,and the pollination effect is the best.While the yield and quality at full flowering period were significantly higher than those of beeless pollination(P < 0.05).The yield and quality of seeds in complete flowering period and the full flowering which are higher than those in beeless pollination period or initial flowering period and flower withering period.which the podding rate(S.davidii 64.20%,T.repens 63.67%)and fruiting rate(S.davidii 63.00%;T.repens 83.00%),thousand kernel weight(S.davidii 0.58g),germination rate(S.davidii 85.333),percentage of germination(S.davidii 32.433%,T.repens 30%)is the highest the full flowering.In the initial flowering period,only is the thousand kernel weight of S.davidii the highest(2.15g). |
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