| Rice is one of the main food crops in China,and the sustained and stable development of rice production is of great significance to ensuring food security and promoting national economic development.However,with the development of social economy,more and more rural labor resources are transferred to cities,the contradiction between traditional rice production mode and rural age-appropriate labor force and labor quality is prominent,and the rice industry is constantly upgrading and transforming to mechanized production.Mechanical side-deep fertilization technology is an inevitable choice for green and highquality development of rice in China.Previous research showed that the mechanical sidedeep fertilization technology can significantly improve the fertilizer utilization efficiency,and it is one of the important ways to reduce and fertilizer application rate.However,its influence on the growth and development of rice seedlings and nutrient loss needs further study.In this study,the effects of mechanical side-deep fertilization technology on rice growth and development,yield and yield components,nutrient loss,nutrient absorption and utilization in paddy fields were studied by multi-point field experiments,in order to provide theoretical basis for the application and popularization of mechanical side-deep fertilization technology in Hubei Province.The main results are as follows:(1)The mechanical side-deep fertilization technology has significantly increased the rice yield,and can save fertilizer by 10%～20% under the same yield level.Compared with CK treatment,mechanical side fertilization(DF)treatment in Wuxue,Xiangyang,Jingzhou,Zhijiang and Tianmen experimental sites significantly increased the yield by51.40%～91.00%,50.08%～71.06%,24.11%～48.86% and 31.04% ～ 48.95 respectively.Compared with conventional fertilization(SF),the rice yield of 100% mechanical sidedeep fertilization(100%DF)and 90% mechanical side deep fertilization(90%DF)in five experimental sites increased by 3.41%～11.40% and 1.09%～5.54% respectively,with an average increase of 7.21% and 2.72%,respectively.The rice yield increased by-4.23%～1.34% and the average yield decreased by 0.69% in the treatment of 80%mechanical side deep fertilization(80%DF);The yield of 70% mechanical side-deep fertilization(70%DF)and 60% mechanical side-deep fertilization(60%DF)decreased by2.88%～6.83% and 6.30%～11.77%,respectively,and the average yield decreased by 5.08%and 8.78% respectively.(2)Mechanical deep fertilization technology increased tiller number,plant height,leaf area index and SPAD value of rice,and promoted the accumulation of dry matter.Compared with SF treatment,the tiller number of 100%DF treatment increased significantly by55.05×104 /hm2,with an increase of 10.8% after 20 days of transplanting(tillering peak).25 days after transplanting(tillering stage),40 days after transplanting(jointing stage),53 days after transplanting(booting stage)and 64 days after transplanting(heading stage),the rice plant height increased by 2.02%,9.07%,12.74% and 10.91% respectively.The leaf area index of rice increased by 0.92%,8.23%,10.33%,10.65%,16.72% and 7.14% at tillering stage,jointing stage,booting stage,79 days after transplanting(milk ripening stage)and 101 days after transplanting,respectively.The SPAD value of leaves increased by 5.73%,5.07%,6.55%,14.87%,14.04% and 5.74% at tillering stage,jointing stage,booting stage,heading stage,milk stage and mature stage,respectively.The growth rate of dry matter in the shoot at each key growth period was 2.66%,10.09%,18.60%,16.30%,17.43% and 18.29% respectively.(3)Mechanical deep fertilization technology promoted the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients.Compared with SF treatment,the nitrogen uptake of100%DF treatment increased by 1.55%,9.24%,19.07%,20.62%,19.79% and 13.54% at tillering stage,jointing stage,booting stage,heading stage,milking stage and maturity stage,respectively.The increase rates of phosphorus were 4.09%,12.13%,16.94%,13.00%,17.98% and 12.40% respectively.Potassium increased by 5.46%,27.60%,29.47%,26.19%,16.60% and 13.52% respectively.(4)Mechanical deep fertilization technology significantly reduced ammonia volatilization and runoff loss of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in rice fields.Compared with SF treatment,the cumulative loss of ammonia volatilization in 100%DF treatment decreased significantly by 6.72 kg n/hm2 by 39.43%.The nutrient concentrations of liquid nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium decreased by 9.49%,12.69% and 18.18%respectively.The cumulative loss of nitrogen and potassium runoff decreased by 4.01%,11.82% and 14.83% respectively.(5)Mechanical side-deep fertilization technology can significantly improve partial productivity,agricultural utilization rate and physiological utilization rate of fertilizer.Compared with SF treatment,100%DF treatment in Wuxue,Xiangyang,Jingzhou,Zhijiang and Tianmen experimental sites increased partial productivity,agricultural utilization rate and physiological utilization rate of fertilizer by 1.08 kg/kg～2.98 kg/kg,1.73 kg/kg～2.98kg/kg and 0.15 kg/kg～2.54 kg/kg,respectively,with an increase of 3.41%～11.31%,9.84%～29.28% and 1.30%～21.36%.To sum up,mechanical side-deep fertilization technology promoted the growth and development of rice,dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption,increased rice yield,reduced ammonia volatilization and runoff loss of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in rice fields,and improved partial productivity,agricultural utilization rate and physiological utilization rate of fertilizer. |
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