Effects Of Supplementary Irrigation And Film Intercropping Patterns On Growth And Water Use Efficiency Of Foxtail Millet

To investigate the optimal planting techniques and supplementary irrigation timing for foxtail millet cultivation in the loess hilly and gully region,we utilized a split-plot experimental design.This involved testing two distinct planting methods（bare land and plastic film planting）alongside four different supplementary irrigation periods,The paragraph is unclear and repetitive.Here’s a revised version:The study included eight groups with varying irrigation methods:CK（no supplementary irrigation）,MJ（no supplementary irrigation）,B（no supplementary irrigation）,MJBG8（no supplementary irrigation）,G（no supplementary irrigation）,MJG（no supplementary irrigation）,BG（no supplementary irrigation）,and BG（no supplementary irrigation）.Furthermore,during the filling stage,bare land received supplementary irrigation.Over the course of two years,from 2020 to 2021,field experiments were conducted to examine the impact of two planting methods and various supplementary irrigation periods on foxtail millet.The analysis focused on soil water content,nutrient content,root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,agronomic traits,yield,water use efficiency,and economic benefits.The findings are outlined below:The study investigated the impact of supplementary irrigation on the growth and water use efficiency of foxtail millet planted in bare land.Results showed that supplementary irrigation led to an increase in soil water content at a depth of 0-60cm.Specifically,the average soil water content for BG,B,and G increased by 20.2%,18.4%,and 7.7%,respectively,over a two-year period,in comparison to the control group（CK）.However,there were no significant changes observed at a depth of 60-100cm.After implementing supplementary irrigation,there was an increase in the levels of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,and organic matter.Additionally,it was observed that BG and B had higher levels than G,and there was no significant difference between B and BG（P<0.05）.Supplementary irrigation has been found to enhance the root growth of foxtail millet,with BG and B exhibiting significantly higher growth rates than G.Interestingly,no significant difference was observed between B and BG.Moreover,this irrigation technique can also improve the photosynthetic performance of foxtail millet.The leaves of BG and B demonstrated significantly higher levels of chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance（Gs）compared to G foxtail millet,The leaves of BG and B exhibit significantly higher net photosynthetic rate（Pn）and transpiration rate（Tr）compared to G foxtail millet.Additionally,the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration（Ci）is significantly lower in BG and B,while it is not significantly different in B.Supplementary irrigation can significantly enhance the agronomic traits of foxtail millet,resulting in a significant increase in the plant height of BG and B compared to G foxtail millet,but there is no significant difference between B and BG,and the stem diameter,The study found that both BG and B varieties of foxtail millet showed significant increases in biomass and yield formation compared to the G variety.However,there was no significant difference between B and BG.Additionally,supplementary irrigation was found to increase the yield of foxtail millet to up to4685.63kg/hm².Over the course of two years,BG,B,and G varieties showed average increases of 11.0%,6.1%,and 4.0%respectively compared to the CK variety.B and BG were significantly higher than CK,but there was no significant difference between G and CK,The study found that B and BG had significantly higher values than CK,while there was no significant difference between G and CK.B had a water use efficiency of14.08kg?hm_-2/mm mm,which was 10.2%and 4.5%higher than BG and G,respectively.The input-output ratios of BG,B,G and CK were 2.2,2.5,2.4 and 2.4 respectively.Based on the interaction between foxtail millet yield and water use efficiency,the study concluded that supplementary irrigation during the jointing stage was the most effective period for irrigation.This study examines the impact of supplementary irrigation on the growth and water use efficiency of foxtail millet planted in plastic film.Results show that supplementary irrigation significantly increases the soil water content of foxtail millet at depths of 0-60cm.Over a two-year period,the average soil water content at depths of 0-60cm increased by15.3%,10.4%,and 3.2%compared to the control group（MJ）.However,there was no significant change observed at depths of 60-100cm.After applying supplementary irrigation,the levels of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter in the soil can be increased.The results show that there is no significant difference between MJB and MJBG.Additionally,supplementary irrigation can enhance the root growth of foxtail millet.The study found that both MJBG and MJB had higher root growth than MJG,and there was no significant difference between MJB and MJBG.Supplementary irrigation has been found to enhance the photosynthetic performance of foxtail millet.The chlorophyll contents of foxtail millet leaves are significantly higher than MJBG,but no significant difference was observed in MJBG.Additionally,both MJBG and MJB showed a significant increase in Pn,Tr and Gs,with a significant decrease in Ci.However,MJB did not show any significant difference when compared to MJBG.Overall,supplementary irrigation has been shown to improve the agronomic traits of foxtail millet.The plant height,leaf weight,and spike weight of MJBG and MJB were significantly higher compared to MJG.However,there was no significant difference between MJBG and MJB.Similarly,the stem diameter,stem weight,spike length,spike diameter,single spike weight,and 1000-grain weight of MJBG and MJB were significantly increased compared to MJG.Again,there was no significant difference between MJB and MJB.Supplementary irrigation can significantly increase foxtail millet yield,with up to 5637.81kg/hm2observed.Over a two-year period,MJB and MJBG demonstrated a significant increase in yield compared to MJ,with average increases of 16.7%and 8.7%,respectively.Meanwhile,MJG did not show a significant difference.MJB had the highest water use efficiency at 16.60kg?hm^<sub>-2/mm mm,which was 8.3%and 3.9%higher than MJBG and MJG,respectively.The input-output ratios of MJBG,MJB,MJG and MJ are 3.3,3.8,3.5 and 3.7 respectively.Based on the interaction of foxtail millet yield,water use efficiency,and other factors,it has been concluded that the best period for supplementary irrigation is during the jointing stage.The study examines the impact of planting in bare land between films on foxtail millet growth and water use efficiency.Results indicate that planting between films significantly improves the soil water content and nutrient levels of foxtail millet compared to bare land.Additionally,mulch planting in bare land effectively enhances root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,and agronomic traits of foxtail millet,thereby ensuring growth and yield increase of the crop.The maximum yield of film planting for foxtail millet was found to be5637.81 kg/hm²,which is 33.9%higher than the traditional CK method.Additionally,the water use efficiency was observed to be 17.71 kg.hm^-2/mm,which is 14.9%higher than CK.The highest ratio of output to input was observed in the MJB method,reaching 3.8,which is52%higher than that of B and CK.Overall,the film planting method is the most suitable for millet cultivation,and supplementary irrigation during the jointing stage is recommended,and MJB treatment is the best,which can significantly improve the yield and efficiency of foxtail millet.