| Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl.is a local medicinal herb in Yunnan,one of the three base source plants of Polygonati rhizoma in the pharmacopeia,with the efficacy of tonifying the qi and nourishing the yin,strengthening the spleen,moistening the lung and benefiting the kidney,etc.It is also widely used as a medicinal herb for food and medicine and has tremendous market demand.In recent years,over-harvesting has led to the current depletion of wild P.kingianum resources,and artificial cultivation is needed to alleviate the shortage of resources.Although large-scale cultivation can help the yield problem to a certain extent,it is still challenging to solve the problem of the uneven quality of its medicinal herbs.Studies have shown that the quality of medicinal plants is usually influenced by various conditions such as geographical location,climatic factors,and soil factors of the cultivation site,and research on these factors is beneficial for planning the cultivation site of medicinal plants and developing efficiency-enhancing fertilizers,which can help improve the quality of medicinal herbs.However,current research on P.kingianum is mainly focused on chemical composition and pharmacological activity,and studies on P.kingianum cultivation usually concentrate only on unilateral factors such as sunlight and rainfall,with few studies analyzing multiple aspects and perspectives such as geographic location,climatic factors,soil factors,and microorganisms.In this study,we collected 50 P.kingianum samples from 10 sampling sites,evaluated their quality,analyzed the factors that promote the active ingredients of P.kingianum in combination with climatic factors,soil physical and chemical factors,and rhizosphere microorganisms,and conducted a preliminary screening of anti-root rot strains to provide a scientific basis for guiding P.kingianum cultivation,developing biofertilizers and biological control of root rot,and providing a scientific reference for improving the quality of P.kingianum herbs.The following results were obtained:(1)HPLC-DAD was used to determine the contents of seven active antidiabetic ingredients in P.kingianum from different regions.The results showed significant differences in the contents of active ingredients in P.kingianum from the other areas.Although the overall chemical evaluation of P.kingianum from Dali,Chuxiong,and Puer in Yunnan was not the best,their pharmacopoeial polysaccharide content was generally high,and the highest polysaccharide content was found in P.kingianum from Maidu County,Dali Prefecture,suggesting that the influence of climate,geographical location,and soil conditions on P.kingianum quality formation in Dali Prefecture should be explored.(2)The climate factors of the sampling sites were collected through the China Meteorological Data Network(https://data.cma.cn/),and the relationship between climate factors and active ingredients were initially analyzed based on Spearman coefficients;the partial least squares(PLS-DA)method was used to analyze the multiple existing between climate factors as independent variables and P.kingianum active ingredients as dependent variables.The results suggested that the most important factors were the temperature difference,altitude,yearly average,and annual average.The results indicated that temperature difference,altitude,and yearly precipitation were the most significant factors affecting P.kingianum quality.Combined with the results of correlation curve analysis,it suggested that P.kingianum was suitable for planting in areas with an altitude of about 1700 m,an average annual temperature of about 15℃,and an annual precipitation of about 1500 mm.(3)The physicochemical properties of P.kingianum rhizosphere soil from five P.kingianum cultivation areas in Dali Prefecture were examined.The composition of bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere soil was analyzed by the Illumina Nova Seq platform.The results showed significant associations between the active ingredients,soil physicochemical properties,and microbial communities in P.kingianum from different regions.The abundance of Acidobacteriota,Kickxellomycota,and Basidiomycota sp.among the rhizosphere microorganisms all influenced the polysaccharide composition in P.kingianum herbs,with Acidobacteriota,Basidiomycota sp.were positively correlated with polysaccharide content,and Kickxellomycota was negatively correlated with polysaccharide content.Total polysaccharides were significantly and positively correlated with fast-acting phosphorus in the soil,total saponins were significantly and negatively correlated with fast-acting phosphorus,and full flavonoid content was highly significantly and positively correlated with amine nitrogen.(4)Differential bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of P.kingianum with root rot and healthy P.kingianum from the exact origin were screened by Lefse,Meta Stat,and T-tests to that Pseudoflavonifractor in bacteria,and Fusarium in fungi might be pathogenic;hydroplanes in bacteria and tub area,solaria,inocybe in fungi were potential disease-resistant bacteria.Innovation: This study is the first one to investigate the variation of active ingredients of P.kingianum caryophyllus in different habitats and its climatic factors,geographic location,and soil environment,using HPLC-DAD,ICP-OES and soil microbiome and to investigate the variation of its active ingredients and its climatic conditions,rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere soil microbial community composition and diversity.We also analyzed the soil microorganisms that affect P.kingianum caryophyllus.This study provides an essential scientific reference for the quality improvement and rational cultivation of P.kingianum.The study results showed that the quality of P.kingianum differs in different regions,and the factors affecting its quality are environmental factors,geographical factors,and soil factors,so guidance on the cultivation of P.kingianum for these factors can help to improve the quality of P.kingianum.(1)In the site selection of P.kingianum cultivation,it is suitable to be planted in an area with an altitude of about 1700 m,an average annual temperature of about 15 ℃,and annual precipitation of about 1500 mm.(2)Pseudoflavonifractor among bacteria,and Fusarium among fungi may be the causative agent;red roaming fungus among bacteria(hydroplanes among bacteria,and Pseudoflavonifractor,solaria,and nanocube among fungi as potential disease-resistant bacteria.Acidobacteriota and Basidiomycota sp.may be beneficial to its quality.(3)It can be applied by mixing organic fertilizer with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in a particular ratio and reasonably increasing the application of microbial fertilizer,which can help to improve the quality and promote the sustainable development of P.kingianum. |
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