Wheat Yield,Quality And Environmental Effects For Optimization Of Fertilization Recommendation Technology Base On Soil In Major Wheat Areas Of China

China is the world’s largest wheat producer.Wheat is widely cultivated,including the Northeast,Northwest,Loess Plateau,North China Plain,Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain and Southwest China.The monitored fertilizer application technology was recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as the main agricultural technology in 2018.The technology aims to improve wheat yield and fertilizer use efficiency,and is based on monitoring soil nutrient supply capacity,wheat yield,nutrient demand and environmental effects of fertilizer application to determine a reasonable amount of fertiliser to improve crop yield and quality while reducing environmental pollution and resource waste problems.The research work in this paper was carried out to further clarify the effects of monitoring fertilizer application technology in the main wheat areas of China and to provide practical effect support for further optimization of the technology.In this study,field trials and demonstrations were conducted in the major wheat areas of spring wheat,rice,wheat yew and dry crop in China,with two treatments of monitored fertilizer application（MF）and farmer fertilizer application（FF）.Through the observation and investigation of wheat yield,quality and environmental benefits between monitored fertilizer application and farmer fertilizer application,the changes in wheat yield and nutrient quality,the effect of fertilizer application on soil fertility and environmental effects were analyzed under monitored fertilizer application.The main results obtained were:1.The monitored fertilizer application technology improved wheat yield,increased the number of spikes in each wheat zone and promoted the uptake and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in wheat.Compared with the farmers’fertilizer application,the monitored fertilizer application technology increased the national average wheat yield by 394 kg hm^-2,an increase of 6.4%;there was no significant effect on the above-ground plant biomass and harvest index;the number of spikes increased significantly by 17×10⁴ hm^-2,an increase of 3.20%,and had no significant effect on the number of spikes and thousand grain weight.The monitored fertiliser application technique did not cause significant changes in the N,P and K content of the seeds in any of the wheat zones compared to the farmers’application.However,the monitored fertilizer application technology significantly increased N uptake by 54.4%and 21.9%in the stems and leaves of the seeds in the rice-wheat zone;7.8%in the seeds of the wheat-maize zone;27.6%in the glumes of the wheat-maize zone;20.5%and 20.8%in the seeds and above-ground phosphorus uptake in the rice-wheat zone;44.0%and 44.6%in the stems and leaves of the rice-wheat and wheat-maize zones,respectively;and 44.0%and 44.6%in the stems and leaves of the rice-wheat and wheat-yuk zones,respectively.The amount of potassium absorbed by seeds in the rice-wheat zone was significantly increased by 5.9%,while the amount of potassium absorbed by stems and leaves in the wheat-maize zone was significantly increased by 27.5%.2.The monitored fertilizer application can effectively improve N and P uptake efficiency and fertilizer N,P and K bias productivity of wheat.Compared with farmer fertilizer application,the monitored fertilizer application treatment improved the national wheat N and P uptake efficiency by 28.0%and 85.5%,respectively.The monitored fertilizer application technology did not cause significant changes in N and P fertilizer use efficiency of wheat,and the average potassium use efficiency was also14.2%lower than the farmer treatment.The monitored fertilizer application treatment increased NPK fertilizer bias productivity in all wheat zones,with national averages of26.9%,75.9%and 13.7%increase in NPK fertilizer bias productivity,respectively.The difference in N,P and K requirements of monitored fertilizer wheat compared to the farmer treatment was not significant in any of the wheat zones.3.The monitored fertilizer application technology effectively reduced fertilizer use,significantly reduced soil N residue and phosphorus excess,and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.The average values of fertilizer application for the monitored fertilizer treatments in the main wheat areas of China were 193.7 kg N hm^-2,75.2 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 and 45.0 kg K₂O hm^-2,with an average reduction of 13.8%in N application,30.2%in P application and no significant change in K application compared to the farmer’s treatment.The greatest potential for N reduction was 24.1%in the dry crop area,42.0%in the spring wheat area and 19.7%in the dry crop area;the average reduction in nitrate-N,ammonium-N and fast-acting phosphorus in the 0-20 cm soil layer was 22.8%,34.9%and 21.5%in the monitored fertilizer treatments.Compared to farmers,monitored fertilizer treatments reduced national greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 112.8 kg CO₂-e/kg,or 20.0%.It can be seen that the monitored fertilizer application technique is superior to the farmer’s application.To regulate fertilizer dosage with the monitored fertilizer application technology,according to the climate,soil characteristics and wheat production methods in different wheat regions,is conducive to achieving high yield,high quality and efficient wheat production,improving the ecological environment and enhancing economic benefits in major wheat regions in China.