Effects Of Whole Fermented Broussonetia Papyrifera On Muscle Quality And Microbiome Of Fattening Pigs

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera(FBP),as an alternative partial protein source,might change the meat quality of finishing pigs by affecting the antioxidant,lipid metabolism and muscle fiber properties of the longissimus dorsi muscle(LD),and to speculate that microorganisms were involved.At the same time,the practical application effect of FBP on fattening pigs was studied.This study is divided into four parts,and the main findings are as follows:Experiment 1: Effect of fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera on growth performance of finishing pigscompared with the CON group,the average daily feed intake(ADFI)and feed to gain ratio(F/G)of the FBP group were significantly higher(P<0.05);The diarrhea index of FBP group showed a decreasing trend(0.05 < P < 0.10).Experiment 2: Effect of fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera on serum biochemical and mineral concentrations in finishing pigsCompared with the CON group,the FBP group had significant reductions in serum triglyceride,blood ammonia,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase(P <0.05).The urea content was significantly decreased(P < 0.01).Compared with CON group,the serum Fe content of FBP group was significantly decreased(P < 0.05).The contents of Ca,Mg,Zn and Mn were significantly decreased(P < 0.01).Experiment 3: Effect of fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera on the quality and nutrients of finishing porkCompared with the CON group,the drip loss and cooking loss of longissimus dorsi muscle in FBP group were reduced by 6.8% and 10.93%,respectively.However,the redness of flesh color was significantly increased(P < 0.05),and the shear force was significantly decreased(P< 0.05).Compared with the basal diet group,the percentage content of long-chain fatty acids(C15:0,C20:1,C20:2,C18:3n3)in muscle of the FBP group was significantly increased(P <0.05).Compared with CON group,the expression of stearoyl-coa desaturase 1(SCD1)gene in FBP group was significantly decreased(P < 0.05),and the gene expression of CPT-1α showed an increasing trend(0.05 < P < 0.1).Compared with the control group,the FBP group had an extremely significant increase in muscle fiber diameter(P < 0.01),and extremely significant decrease in muscle fiber density(P < 0.001);The expression of My HCIIa gene in the longissimus dorsi muscle in the FBP group was significantly increased(P < 0.01),and the expression of My HCIIb gene was significantly decreased(P < 0.05).Compared with the CON group,T-AOC was significantly increased in the longissimus dorsi muscle(P < 0.05),MDA significantly decreased(P < 0.05).Compared with the control group,the m RNA expression levels of Mn SOD,Catalase(CAT)and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1)in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the FBP group were significantly increased(P < 0.05).Compared with basal diet group,Se and Fe in muscle of FBP group were significantly increased(P < 0.01).Experiment 4: Effect of fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera on colon microbiota in finishing pigsCompared with the CON group,there was no significant difference in Shannon index and Simpson index of intestinal microbial α-diversity in the FBP group(P < 0.05),ace index and chao index had an increasing trend(0.05 < P < 0.1).FBP had a significant effect on the microbial β diversity of finishing pigs(R=0.9019,P=0.003),and there was a significant separation of microbial species between the control and FBP treatment at the OUT level.A total of 3524 species were identified at the OUT level by 16 S sequencing,of which a total of 1329 species were identified,and 402 and 464 unique species were detected in CON and FBP treated group microorganisms.FIG.10 showed that the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteriota in the FBP group was significantly increased(P < 0.05).The abundance of Terrisporobacter,Clostridium butyricum,Akkermansia,and Turicibacter＿sp.＿H121 were significantly increased in the FBP diet group(P < 0.01);Lactobacillu decreased significantly(P < 0.01).Species co-occurrence network analysis showed that the CON and FBP treatment groups were associated with microbial species and their unique species at the phylum level and genus level.At the phylum level,a correlation was observed between Unclassified＿k＿norank＿d＿Bacteria and FBP treatment group.There was no correlation with CON treatment group.According to KEGG level 1 analysis,FBP treatments were significantly enriched in organic systems,genetic information processing,cellular processes,metabolism,and environmental information processing.At KEGG level 3,we found 50 pathways that were significantly different between CON and FBP treatments.Among them,FBP significantly upregulated PPAR signaling pathway,methane metabolism,glycerolipid metabolism,biosynthesis and biodegradation of secondary metabolites,bacterial secretion system,TCA cycle,energy metabolism,lipid metabolism,mineral absorption,adipokine signaling pathway,nitrogen metabolism,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,carbohydrate digestion and absorption,linoleic acid metabolism,iron loading 40 pathways such as biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptides in the corpus group.Experiment 5: The effect of fermentation whole strain hybrid tree on the economic benefit of finishing pigsCompared with the CON group,FBP feeding increased feed cost and profit,but the weight gain profit of FBP group was 215 yuan more than that of CON group,and the economic benefit was obvious.Meat quality indicators and environmental mineral content were scored by the entropy quotient method and linear weighting method.The results showed that the whole fermentation hybrid could improve the meat quality and environmental economic benefits.In conclusion,fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera has no effect on the growth of finishing pigs,but fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera can improve the body’s immunity,enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity,promote the deposition of trace elements in tissues,and have a positive effect on the muscle quality and intestinal tract of finishing pigs.Under the conditions of this study,the application effect of fermented hybrid broussinetia papyrifera in the production of pigs to replace part of protein raw materials in diets improved the quality of raw pork and maintained the safety and health of livestock products.