| Early nutrition is essential for the growth,development and health of young animals.Breast milk is the best food for young animals,providing the nutrients needed for growth after birth,but when breast milk is not an option or not available,formula milk becomes a necessary alternative diet for young animals early in life.Breast milk contains nutritional and immunological components that promote growth in young animals,and while formula milk is designed to be as similar as possible to breast milk,its composition is relatively constant,whereas breast milk is not a uniform biological fluid and will vary according to the needs of young animals.Systematically exploring the effects of breast milk versus formula feeding on the organism of young animals is important for early nutrition research and guidance of feeding practices.In this study,a 35-d breast milk(BM)and formula milk(FM)feeding trial(n=12/group)was conducted on newborn specific pathogen free(SPF)Bama piglets,to investigate the effects of different feeding methods on growth performance,antioxidant properties,intestinal health and the main results of this study are as follows.The main results of this study are as follows:(1)Compared with piglets in the BM group,piglets in the FM group showed a significant increase in daily weight gain of 18 %(P<0.05),liver index and kidney index of51% and 49%(P<0.05),and a significant decrease in lung index of 24%(P<0.05).It shows that different feeding methods affect piglet growth and development.(2)Alkaline phosphatase,Blood urea nitrogen,inorganic phosphorus,white cell ratio,monocyte ratio and eosinophil ratio in the blood of piglets in the FM group were higher than those in the BM group by 39%,39%,20%,26%,49% and 241%,respectively(P<0.05),and the absolute values of globulin,total bile acids,leukocytes and lymphocytes in the FM group were lower than those in the BM group by 23%,183%,60% and 61%,respectively(P<0.05).The Ig G and Ig M levels in the serum of piglets in the BM group were significantly higher than those in the FM group(P<0.05).(3)The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and catalase activity(CAT)of piglets in the BM group were significantly higher than those in the FM group,indicating that formula milk feeding reduced the antioxidant performance of piglets.(4)The serum diamine oxidase(DAO)content and Intestinal Fatty Acidbinding Protein(i FABP)content were significantly higher in the FM group than in the BM group(P<0.05);the expression of tight junction proteins Claudins-1 and Occludin in the intestinal mucosa was significantly lower in the duodenum of piglets in the FM group(P<0.05).In the jejunum and ileum,the expression of tight junction protein Occludin was significantly lower in the FM group;the intestinal villus height,crypt depth and villus crypt ratio in the duodenum,jejunum and ileum of piglets in the BM and FM groups were not significantly different;the expression of TNF-α was up-regulated in the duodenum(P=0.067)and IL-1β was significantly up-regulated in the jejunum and ileum(P<0.05)in the FM group.This indicated that different feeding methods had significant effects on intestinal barrier function.(5)Macrogenomic sequencing of jejunum microorganisms showed no significant difference in Alpha diversity between BM and FM groups;PCo A analysis revealed significant differences in the composition of jejunum microorganisms between BM and FM groups;at the phylum level,the dominant bacteria in BM group were Firmicutes,and the dominant bacteria in FM group were Viruses-noname and Firmicutes;at the genus level,the dominant bacteria in BM group were Lactobacillus,and the dominant bacteria in the FM group were Gammaretrovirus and Lactobacillus.At the genus level,the dominant bacteria in the BM group were Lactobacillus and the dominant bacteria in the FM group were Gammaretrovirus and Lactobacillus;LEf Se analysis revealed that the main enriched species in the jejunum of the FM group were Weissella confusa,Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis were the main enrichment species in the jejunum of the FM group;Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus vaginalis were the main enrichment species in the jejunum of the BM group.Lactobacillus vaginalis,and Lactobacillus mucosae.KEGG functional annotation results showed significant enrichment of pathways related to cancer,peroxisome,m RNA surveillance pathway,and Alzheimer’s disease in the FM group,while the BM group was enriched in the D-amino acid metabolism,mismatch repair,homologous recombination pathway,etc.Furthermore,based on CARy database annotation,the top five dominant carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in the BM group were AA3 and GH13 27 and GH13 31 in GHs,and GT45 and GT5 in GTs,while in the FM group,GT66,GT70,GT101,GH43 12,and GH13 12 were dominant in GTs and GHs,respectively.These results indicate that different feeding modes can affect the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota of piglets.In summary,this study found that different feeding methods had significant effects on piglet growth and development,blood index,antioxidant performance and intestinal health,and that breastfeeding was more beneficial to piglet growth and development and the increase in the proportion of probiotic bacteria in the intestinal flora.The results of this study will provide theoretical guidance for early nutrition research and feeding method selection of young animals. |
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