Study On Small And Medium Grotto Temples Of Northern Dynasties In Northwest Henan

In the Northern Dynasties,Buddhism flourished in ancient Chinese history.During this period,more than ten grottoes,large and small,were excavated by the royal or folk in the northwest part of Henan province,represented by Longmen Grottoes,Gongxian Grottoes and Xiaonnanhai Grottoes.These grottoes not only inherited Yungang,but also developed their own unique style in the future.In this paper,more than ten small and medium-sized grottoes in this area are sorted out and studied,and the types and times are divided by using archeological typology and comparative study,so as to reflect the development and changes in different times and the association with buddhist grottoes in other areas.The paper is divided into five parts.The first part is introduction.This part mainly describes the research object,research method,research purpose and significance,research overview,etc.The second part mainly introduces the general situation of the small and medium-sized grotto temple in the northern Dynasties in this area,and gives a brief description of the content of the grotto temple.After its general situation,this paper discusses the distribution causes of grotto temples in this area from the aspects of nature,politics,transportation and military affairs.The third part is divided into three sections.First,after sorting out the data of the main grottoes,such as niches and statues,the types of grottoes are divided respectively.The grottoes are divided into central column grottoes,square grottoes,horseshoe grottoes and irregular small grottoes according to the plane shape.The grottoes are divided into pointed arch niche,round arch niche,tent niche and other types.In terms of statues,the main statues in the caves are divided.Then on the basis of the type division and the chronological basis of the inscription,the paper briefly discusses the stages of the grottoes.After the northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang,the excavation of grottoes entered a period of prosperity after the Xiaoming emperor,which developed the Central Plains style of elegant skeleton and delicate.There were also central column grottoes which inherited the tower column grottoes of Yungang and developed the central square columns.Yecheng area after the Northern Wei dynasty schism,inherited the Luoyang buddhist centre,small south China sea three wat,left the sacred grotto in inherits the late Northern Wei dynasty style at the same time,also to develop the characteristics of Beiqi,bodhisattva as finding "on the body,the Buddha abandoned or garment Po with old style,but USES Yi Wen relatively thin double led droop type cassock.A large number of grottoes excavated in this area can not only reflect the development characteristics in different periods,but also provide a large number of precious material materials for the study of Buddhist archaeology.The fourth part discusses the relationship between the small grottoes in the Northern Dynasty and the Yungang grottoes and Longmen grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty.The Northern Wei dynasty moved its capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang,which became the center of grottoes after Pingcheng.The style and mode formed during the Yungang period were closely related to the grottoes in the northwest of Henan.Meanwhile,during this period,emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei dynasty carried out the Sinification reform,assimilating the artistic style and aesthetic characteristics of the south,and formed the "Central Plain style" represented by Longmen Grottoes.This artistic style established the characteristics of elegant skeleton and delicate,which influenced the construction of small and medium-sized grottoes.At the same time,this style also became the unified paradigm of grottoes carving in this period,rapidly radiating to the whole northern region and having an important influence on Mogao Grottoes,Maijishan Grottoes and other places.Part five: Conclusion.Summarize the article,and summarize the shortcomings of the article research.Through the study of the small and medium-sized grottoes in the northern Dynasty in the northwest of Henan,we can know the changes in the succession and development of the grottoes,and these small and medium-sized grottoes also left valuable heritage for the later generations.