Study On Small And Medium-sized Tombs In Ming Dynasty In Shaanxi

The academic research on small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi is relatively weak.Based on the existing research results,this paper makes a comprehensive archaeological research on them,including the typological research of tombs and typical artifacts,the grade and stage of tombs,the characteristics of funerary objects,family tombs,distribution laws and cultural connotation,which is divided into six parts.The first part is the introduction.This paper mainly introduces the research category,archaeological discoveries,research status,research methods and significance of small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi.The second part is the research on the shape and unearthed objects of small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi.According to the construction materials,the small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi are divided into five categories:Brick chamber tombs,earth cave tombs,earth pit tombs,stone chamber tombs and cliff tombs.The shape and typical artifacts of the tombs are studied in typology,and other unearthed artifacts are introduced.The third part is the research on the grade and stage of small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi.It is divided into three grades mainly according to the area of the tomb chamber and with reference to the length of the tomb passage,the number of tomb chambers,the facilities in the tomb and burial utensils.According to the study of chronological tombs and related typology,the tombs are divided into three periods:from the year of Hongwu to the early year of Hongzhi,from the year of Hongzhi to the end of Jiajing,and from the year of Longqing to the end of Ming Dynasty.The first and second phases are mainly brick chamber tombs and earth cave tombs;In the second phase,Tukuang tombs began to appear,and the slope tombs tended to become shorter;Stone chamber tombs and cliff tombs began to appear in the third period,and stone chamber tombs are more common.The belly of porcelain pot and bowl shows a deepening trend.The fourth part is the research on the characteristics of small and medium-sized Ming Tombs in Shaanxi,including unearthed artifacts,family tombs and tomb distribution.Unearthed artifacts are divided into three categories: practical ware,bright ware and sacrificial ware,which are mostly distributed in the front of the tomb and in the niche.The institutionalization of imperial family tombs is obvious,the tombs tend to be simple,the difference between the tombs of imperial families and official families is gradually reduced,and the difference between the tombs of civilian families is gradually wide.Generally speaking,tombs have developed from strict hierarchy to frequent collapse of hierarchy concept,and the construction of tombs is more liberal.The tombs of princes of the same lineage are buried in adjacent areas.The tombs of generals and members of the following clans are mostly buried by branches,and the tombs of officials and civilians are mostly buried by ethnic groups.The fifth part is the research on related problems.It mainly includes four aspects:the clan crime reflected in the tomb of Zhu Gongkai,general of the auxiliary state,the Buddhist and Taoist factors reflected in the tomb,the eunuch tomb,Chen furnace and other porcelain production.The sixth part is the conclusion.