On Yoshida Shuichi's "The Evil" And "Rage

As for the origin and flow of Fu(rhap sodies),the academic circles mostly start from the traditional Fu theory,and seldom directly return to the historical scene of using Fu in ancient times,and investigate the institutional root of the occurrence of Fu.In ancient times,with the changes in the systems of rituals,music,official duties,teaching,and books,the application of words and phrases was gradually differentiated and independent from ceremonies;Its functions have been continuously enhanced,and the attributes of Fu have been transformed from ritual functions,to speech skills,and then to literary styles.Specifically,the changes of its concept and institution can be roughly divided into four stages:The first stage: From the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period,the recitation of poetry and music performed by Gu Meng(the blind men)was generalized as the basic function of the scholar-officials in the discussion of politics and diplomacy,but it did not have the function of style.In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the music official system consisted of two items,namely,Da Si Yue,the senior leader of the musicians,who taught the nobles of the country with Yue Yu(six ways of verbal response),and Yue Da Shi,the junior leader of the musicians who taught the blind with Liu Shi(six procedures of poetry and music presentation).Therefore,the functional division of chanting was established accordingly.Among them,chanting,as a Yue Yu item,refers to chanting in the elegant capital language;Fu,as a Liu Shi item,shares some similarities as chanting,in which the blind use it as a link in their performances,it does not possess a dominant position.As in the Spring and Autumn Period,chanting,one of the Jiu Neng(nine functions),had experienced generalization of functions.Deng Gao Neng Fu(ascend to chant the Book of Songs)is no longer the duty of junior officials,but a basic function performed by the elites and officials in ritual occasions.Although the verbal element of chanting has been enhanced,it is still not independent from the ritual system.The second stage: from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early period of the Warring States Period,as a skill cultivated in private language teaching,chanting has prominent verbal function,but the stylistic concept is not yet clear.Under the situation of the collapse of rites and music,official teaching system from the central to the local level has been seriously damaged.The private teaching led by Confucianism and Mohism has inherited its purpose of cultivating talents,and the traditional function of chanting has also been transferred to the important content of language teaching in private school.During this process,the underlying verbal function of chanting became stronger and stronger,and Fu was absorbed by chanting because of its loss of ritual function.The Confucian language department no longer has restrictions on the learning and use of chanting by scenes and officials.It generally refers to the behavior of oral reading and singing in rhythm,and it is a language skill that embodies the cultivation of a gentleman.Because of abandoning the matter of poetry,music and sound,Mohist only regards chanting as a basic skill in conversation training.At this time,Fu is largely free of etiquette,but its stylistic elements are hidden in recitation.The third stage: from the middle and late Warring States period to the Qin and Han dynasties,Fu has stylistic connotations because it refers to the behavior of literary creation,and its stylistic concept and rhetorical style take shape.With the sharp deterioration of the social and political situation,speech has become the main way to induce profit,distinguish righteousness and advocate benevolence;the flourishing atmosphere of lobbying and debating prompts scholars to emphasize more and more on the content and form of speech.It expresses the artistic characteristics of simile and narration.On the other hand,with the popularity of private writings and the need for expressing personal expressions,oral recitations tend to be written into texts,which greatly highlights the characteristics of arranging words.In the late Warring States period,Xunzi,Qu Yuan’s master and apprentice,and Lu Jia in the Qin and Han dynasties conducted early experiments on the creation of Cifu(the written verse works),which showed that people at that time had clearly realized the characteristics and functions of Fu;as a special kind of style system in the writings of the masters,it is gradually becoming independent.The fourth stage: From the early Western Han Dynasty to the late Eastern Han Dynasty,the system of Cifu changed,and the system of Dafu(fu with long essay)and Xiaofu(fu with short essay)was formed.After the cultivation and recuperation in the early Han Dynasty,in order to create a cultural atmosphere that matched the strength of the strong country,to the Emperor Wu,a large-scale recruitment of literary talents was recruited as attendants and close ministers.Cifu has become an important criterion for selecting scholars because it meets the needs of the emperor,so there is a growing trend of offering Fu to show the ability to embellish the text.On the other hand,the southern culture was officially incorporated into the mainstream classics culture during Emperor Wu’s period,which also made the creation of Cifu from the multi-source coexistence of regions,writers,and styles in the early Han Dynasty to be integrated.Influenced by the development of this style,Han Shu·Yiwenzhi(records of calligraphy and art of the Han Dynasty)uses multiple criteria to classify Cifu,but it is actually a special form of expression of the concept of Fu,which shows that people at that time had a conscious distinction and dominance of this literary style.When the prosperity of the country turned to decline,the traditional Dafu system could no longer adapt to the current political and religious concepts,which led to the transformation of the creation of Cifu and the transformation of the subject matter,paying more attention to one’s own situation and expressing one’s own feelings;Short-run,lyrical essays gradually became the mainstream of creation.As a result,a pattern of Cifu in the Han Dynasty was formed in which the special system of large and small Fu was parallel.The spirit of "energy" enshrined in "Denggao Nengfu" runs through this historical process;at different stages,the content of "energy" basically corresponds to the occurrence of the concept of Fu and its institutional changes.This spirit reveals that the creative ability and language control ability of stylistic users have been respected and grown,and it also implies the response to social needs and institutional regulations.This idea should have enlightening significance for further grasping the occurrence and institutional origin of literary style in ancient times.