A Study Of Responsibilities Of Guardians Of Three Mausoleums Outside Shanhaiguan Pass In The Early Qing Dynasty

Three Mausoleums Outside Shanhaiguan Pass are Yong Mausoleum in Xinbin County,Fu Mausoleum in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang and Zhao Mausoleum in the northern suburbs of Shenyang.Shenyang was called Shengjing in ancient times,so these three mausoleums are also called Three Mausoleums of Shengjing.Before the Qing Dynasty entered the Shanhaiguan,the three mausoleums did not form a complete system of guarding the mausoleums.After entering the Shanhaiguan,the Qing Emperor tried his best to protect Shengjing which is the cradle of the Qing Dynasty,plus the emperors of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to guarding their mausoleums,so the three mausoleums had a high status,and protecting the imperial mausoleums was valued by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty.This paper uses the Manchu archives in Heitu Archives,combines with the Chinese historical materials,analyzes the composition and responsibilities of guardians,explains the living and working status of the mausoleum guardians.The first chapters focus on the construction and management agency of the three mausoleums.By comparing maps,combined with the local chronicles and other Chinese historical materials,so as to find that the regulations and the layout of the buildings of the three mausoleums are similar,setting up the management institutions are the same,and the job titles are similar,which lays the foundation for the reasonable study of the Three Mausoleums Beyond the Pass as a whole.The second chapters focus on the composition and status of the guardians,which is complex and mainly divided into four categories:management officials,garrison personnels,mausoleum servants and special members.The selection of management officials was valued by the emperor,and even those lowly positions were introduced by the emperor.Compared with the royal relatives who would guard their ancestral tombs for generations,the status of the mausoleum servants and handymen employed by the empire are low,some of the servants can have a small amount of money,and most of the mausoleum guards can only rely on the government to distribute rations,clothing,etc.The third chapters focus on the responsibilities of the the mausoleum guardians,dividing them into repair,sacrifice,tribute,and guarding work.Through the collation of Manchu archives,the time and project of the repair of the mausoleum is summarized in tabular form,and it is found that the repair and sacrifice work of the mausoleum guardians are closely related to the emperor’s eastern tour.With the stability and strengthening of the Qing government’s regime,the system of guarding Three Mausoleums Beyond the Pass was gradually completed.The mausoleum has set up a special institution for management,and the number of mausoleum guards has increased much compared with the dozens of people before entering the Shanhaiguan,the responsibilities are clearly divided,and the work tasks are heavy,but the status and treatment of the mausoleum guardians are quite different.Compared with the mausoleums inside Shanhaiguan,the institutional setup of the Three Mausoleums Beyond the Pass and the composition of the guardians are unique.The guardians of the three mausoleums beyond the pass played an indispensible role in the maintenance of the mausoleums.