GVC Participation,Embedded Status And Women’s Wages: An Analysis Based On The Heterogeneity Of Service

The trend of Global Value Chain(GVC)dominated by service industry is becoming increasingly prominent.Service industry has replaced manufacturing industry as the main sector of GVC to promote employment growth.At the same time,the service industry has also become the sector that attracts the most female employments.Women employed in the services accounted for more than half of the total over the years.This paper uses Mincer wage equation to explore the impact of services global value chain participation and embedded status on female wage level.The results show that GVC participation has a significant role in promoting female wage.On the contrary,the promotion of GVC embedded status has a negative effect.Meanwhile,the regression analysis concludes that the impact of GVC embedded status on male wage level is opposite to that on female.The rise of services to the higher positions of GVC increases male wage.Then this paper continues to think about the reasons for the difference between them,combined with the facts that female education level and social status are low.It suggests that the improvement of female education level plays a negative regulatory effect in the positive impact of GVC participation in services on female wage level and a positive regulatory effect in the negative impact of GVC embedded status on female wage level.The improvement of female social status plays a positive regulatory effect on the positive impact of GVC participation and the negative impact of GVC embedded status in services on female wage level.Further analysis shows that GVC participation increases the female wages on different female skill levels,but it has higher positive impacts on the wages of low and medium skilled women workers.But GVC embedded status decreases the female wages and the negative impact on the wages of highly skilled women is the lowest.The influence of GVC participation and embedded status in producer services on female wage level is significantly negative,while the GVC participation in life services improves female wage,but the rise of GVC status reduces female wage level.This paper also divides the service industry into high,medium and low technology-intensive groups by export technology complexity.It suggests that GVC participation lowers female wage level in high technology intensive service sector.GVC participation raises female wage level in medium and low technology intensive groups.However,the GVC embedded status has opposite effects on female wage levels of the three groups.Among them,the negative impact on the high technology intensive services is significantly lower than that on medium and low groups.Finally,this paper proposes that the government and society should increase the expenditure on female education and improve female social status.