Research On The Operation Strategy Of Omni-channel Closed-loop Supply Chain Under The Constraints Of Low-carbon Emission Reductio

With the increasing emission of carbon dioxide worldwide,the greenhouse effect is worsening and seriously affecting people’s survival and development.In the face of climate change crisis,governments have formulated and implemented various laws and regulations to reduce carbon emissions,among which carbon tax,as a market-oriented carbon emission reduction policy tool,has effectively increased the willingness of supply chain member enterprises to reduce emissions.At the same time,the rapid development of big data and e-commerce,and the increasing diversification of consumer demand have provided opportunities to upgrade retail channels,and omnichannel retailing has emerged,among which the Buy Online and Pickup in Store(BOPS)sales model is the most common.In the new retail era,sustainable development requirements make supply chain operation decisions face significant opportunities and challenges.Therefore,this paper uses game theory and mean-variance methods to explore how the omnichannel closed-loop supply chain can make optimal operational decisions to maximize profits under the carbon tax policy,and provide management insights for the government to set carbon tax and enterprise production and operation to promote sustainable economic development.The main contents of the article are as follows.Firstly,the impact of carbon tax policies on the optimal pricing and sales service strategies of omnichannel closed-loop supply chains under different channel power structures is investigated when manufacturers have no emission reduction inputs.We focus on the retailer-led Stackelberg game,the Nash equilibrium game,and the manufacturer-led Stackelberg game to investigate the impact of the carbon tax rate on the operation strategy of the closed-loop omnichannel supply chain.The study finds that the revenue of supply chain members is significantly and positively correlated with their channel power,with the lowest retail price and highest recycling rate under the Nash equilibrium game structure,and the highest sales and service level of brick-and-mortar stores under the retailer-led Stackelberg game structure.Secondly,based on the previous part of the study,we investigate the optimal strategy of the omnichannel closed-loop supply chain for the case where the manufacturer is the dominant player,and for the case where the manufacturer has no emission reduction technology input.By solving the optimal decision for two supply chain models,manufacturer recycling and retailer recycling,and comparing them with the case without emission reduction inputs,we discuss the impact of emission reduction technology on supply chain operations.The results show that the carbon tax policy has an incentive effect on manufacturers to make emission reduction inputs,reduces the wholesale and retail prices,improves the recycling rate of used products as well as the supply chain performance,and reduces the carbon emissions of the production process.When manufacturers invest in emissions reduction,the supply chain members who are responsible for recycling used products are more profitable and have lower carbon emissions and are more environmentally friendly.Finally,based on the above study,we further consider the impact of decision makers’ risk aversion attributes on the operation strategies of omnichannel closed-loop supply chains.By constructing a risk-averse omnichannel closed-loop supply chain model under the carbon tax policy,we analyze and compare the emission reduction level,product pricing,profit utility,and carbon emissions in three scenarios: retailer risk-averse only,manufacturer risk-averse only,and both riskaverse.The study found that emission reduction level and wholesale product price are positively related to retailer risk aversion,and retail product price is inversely related to retailer risk aversion;emission reduction level,wholesale product price and retail price are inversely related to manufacturer risk aversion.In addition,increasing the recycling rate of waste products is conducive to reducing the wholesale and retail prices of products and increasing the level of emission reduction and benefits.