The Construction And The Evolution Of Environment Of Mountainous Areain The Collectivization Era

The change of Chinese mountainous area was fiercest and most profound in the collectivization era, a term used to refer to the period from the implement of mutual aid group in the base during the Sino-Japanese War to the disintegration of the people's commune system in 1980s. During this period, it was one of the goals of Communist Party of China, pursing the political power, that what the mountainous area should be and how to do it. And a series of mountainous area construction projects, centered on national instructions, were conducted one after another, promoting the earth-shaking change of this area. Therefore, more research on the construction in collectivization era can not only contribute to the research of collectivization era. but also provide the theoretical support for the current construction of new socialist countryside.This thesis was concentrated on the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country. And the object was the construction of mountainous area. With the help of Qiao Qinqi's notebook, which was found recently, the local dossier and the oral information obtained from the field survey, this thesis aimed to explore the history about the cognition and construction on mountainous area of authorities and ordinary people in the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country in the period of collectivization time, discover the interactive relationship between the construction of mountain in collectivization era and political, economy, culture and environment, analyze how this relationship affects the fate of mountainous area, and thus to make a reflection on the status of mountainous area construction in collectivization era and the current construction of new socialist countryside.In the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country, the population was large. On the contrary, the land was few. Therefore, the grain had become a difficult question. Besides, the backward agricultural technology also gave rise to the poor life of local, known as "bran was the food of half a year'". As a result, in order to prove the production of grain, on the one hand, people in this area made their efforts to enlarge the land through the exploration of mountains and rivers; on the other hand, water conservancy was built, land was trimmed, fertilizer was added, crops was close planted rationally, and a lot of new technology, good varieties and agricultural machines were popularized. These twofold measures contribute to the solution of the grain. The Campaign of "In Agriculture, Learn from Dazhai" with a large scale, in particular, realized the transformation from "bran was the food of half a year" to "beyond self-sufficient", which laid the foundation for the changeover of policy in mountainous area in the time of reform and opening.The resources in the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country were very rich, which is suit for diversified economy. Among these resources, the specialty of economic forest special product varies and is of great value to explore. However, because of the constraints of exploration, these resources were not explored and used effectively in the traditional time. While in the collectivization era, diversified economy was more emphasized. Though influenced by policies like "centered on food", it still developed. Fortunately, in the later stage of "the cultural revolution", the problem of food was solved. Therefore, the policy was transformed from the center of food to forestry, and the diversified economy centered on forestry and fruit was developed fast. So the people in the western mountainous area became rich.The conservation of water and soil was the lifeblood of the production for mountainous area. However, because of the denudation, the exploration of land and grazing, the forest in the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country was destroyed seriously, and the water and soil were destroyed, too. So the life of people in this area was tough in the traditional time. Fortunately, in the period of collectivization era, the local began to explore the method of keeping the water and soil. And they experienced five stages. They were the project of gully and valley in co-operative time, the constructing of forest under biological measures in Great Leap Forward, the comprehensive project composed by mechanical and biological measure in adjustment time, the comprehensive program of mountain, water, forest and land in Cultural Revolution and the eco-construction of the ditch which took the small basin as a unit in the time of reform and opening. Therefore, mountains became full of trees and beautiful. Eventually, the way to keep water and soil ecologically, economically and socially was developed and it influenced the whole country. Making use of the resources of mountain was not wrong if the people lived near the mountain. But the key was to use it effectively. The construction of the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country in collectivization era experienced the test of natural disaster and a long period of the ruin under the instruction of left-policy. But at the same time, government's policies were adjusted, a lot of local leaders pursued and explored, and the people worked hard insistently. Therefore, the significant transformation from "bran was the food of half a year" to "beyond self-sufficient" from "centered on food" to "centered on forest" and from "no tree" to "green mountains and clear water" were realized, the impression of this area as "the barren mountains and untamed rivers" was changed, and the influential "Taihang Road" in the time of reform and opening was formed under these foundation.The realization of the three significant transformations in collectivization era in the western mountainous area in Xingtai Country had a close relationship to the collectivization system, the merits of grassroots cadres, the village political structure, hard struggle and self-reliant spirit of the times. Therefore, the current construction of mountainous area should pay more attention to the plan of construction, diversified economy, the ecological environmental protection, the infrastructural facilities, grassroots cadres training, the carrying forward of hard struggle and self-reliance spirit, and so forth.